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Neuroscience > diencephalon > Flashcards

diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

where is thalamus located?

A

lies in floor of central portion of lateral ventricles and forms superior part of lateral wall of 3rd ventricle

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2
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

a collection of nuceli and asssociated laminae

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3
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

connect 2 thalami in 70% of population, transverses 3rd ventricle

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4
Q

what covers lateral surface of thalamus?

A

thin sheet of fibers called external medullary lamina

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5
Q

how is ependymal lining of 3rd ventricle reflected?

A

from one side to the other along the stria medullaris thalami to form roof of 3rd ventricle

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6
Q

what divides thalamus internally into vertical sheet of white matter?

A

internal medullay lamina

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7
Q

functions of thalamus

A

receives info about sensation, vision, and hearing. mediates motor info from cerebellum and basal ganglia to motor cortex. involved in autonomic maintenance of consciousness

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8
Q

nuclear groups?

A

anterior, medial, ventrolateral, reticular, intralaminar, midline

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9
Q

what does ventrolateral nuclear group include?

A

lateral and ventral nuclei, pulvinar, and medial and lateral geniculate bodies

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10
Q

anterior nucelus structure

A

forms anterior tubercle which is posterior boundary of interventricular foramen of Monroe

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11
Q

anterior nucelus function

A

receives limbic system info from mammillary bodies via mammillothalamic tract and projects to cingulate gyrus and frontal cortex

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12
Q

two main functions of anterior nucleus?

A

memory and emotions

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13
Q

what is Korsakoff’s psychosis (syndrome)?

A

metabolic disturbance caused by severe chronic alcoholism causing lesions around 3rd ventricle, esp medial and anterior thalamic nuclei, mamm bodies and/or connections b/ween them

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14
Q

what does Korsakoff’s psychosis cause?

A

short term memory loss which patients attempts to compensate for by confabulating

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15
Q

confabulating

A

inserting remote past memories into fluent by blatantly untrue stories

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16
Q

medial group of nuceli function?

A

receive info from basal ganglia, the amygdala, the midbrain and some spinothalamic fibers (emotional response to pain). memory and behavior.

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17
Q

ablation to medial group of nuceli causes what?

A

symptoms that parallel those of prefontal lobotomy

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18
Q

where do medial nuceli project to?

A

prefrontal lobe

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19
Q

ventral anterior and ventral lateral receive info from?

A

basal ganglia and dentate nucelus

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20
Q

where do ventral anterior and ventral lateral project to?

A

motor and premotor cortices

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21
Q

what do ventral anterior and ventral lateral function in?

A

motor integration and maintenance of consciousness

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22
Q

what happens when ventral anterior and ventral lateral are stimulated?

A

an increase in Parkinsonian rigidity and tremor

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23
Q

what does ablation to ventral anterior and ventral lateral result in?

A

amelioration of Parkinsonian symptoms

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24
Q

ventral posterior nucelus function?

A

all sensation except olfaction reaches consciounessness here, integrated and sent to sensory cortex

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25
Q

ventral posterior medial nucelus?

A

all sensory info from head and face reaches consciousness and integrated

26
Q

ventral posterior lateral nucleus?

A

all sensory info form body reaches consciousness and is integrated

27
Q

what happens if ventral posterior nucelus is lesioned?

A

anesthesia (loss of sensation) or thalamic syndrome (hypersensitivity)

28
Q

medial geniculate body receives info from?

A

inferior brachium

29
Q

where does medial geniculate body project to?

A

auditory cortex via auditory radiation

30
Q

what happens if medial geniculate body is lesioned?

A

diminished hearing more pronounced contralaterally

31
Q

lateral geniculate body receieves info from and projects to where?

A

receives from optic tract and projects to visual cortex via option radiation

32
Q

what happens if lateral geniculate body is lesioned?

A

visual loss (contralateral homonymous hemianopsia)

33
Q

lateral dorsal nucelus?

A

reciprocal connections with limbic system areas, functions in emotional expression

34
Q

lateral posterior nucelus

A

reciprocal connections with sensory association cortex of parietal lobe and functions in integration of sensory info

35
Q

pulivar receieves from where and projects to where?

A

from retina and superior colliculus and projects to parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

36
Q

what does pulvinar function in?

A

visual reflexes and eye movement

37
Q

reticular nucelus?

A

reciprocal connections with thalamus and cortex and functions in modulaton of thalamic activity

38
Q

intralaminar nuceli

A

centromedian nucelus that functions as part of limbic system in maintaining consciousness and alertness and in integrating emotional responses to pain

39
Q

midline nuceli function in doing what?

A

form most of interthalamic adhesion

40
Q

hypothalamus?

A

part of limbic system, controls autonomic responses. anterior, intermediate, and posterior zone. forms inferior part of lateral wall and flood of 3rd ventricle

41
Q

where are mammillary bodies located?

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

endocrine function of hypothalamus?

A

form and release inhibiting factors that promote production and secretion of hormones by cells of anterior pituitary

43
Q

neurosecretion function of hypothalamus?

A

via hypothalamohypohysial tract of oxytocin by paraventricular nucelus. ADH by supraoptic nucleus

44
Q

lesion to supraoptic nucelus results in what?

A

diabetes insipidus resulting in polydipsia and polyuria

45
Q

functions of hypothalamus?

A

Endocrine control
Nuerosecretion
General autonomic effects
Temperature Regulation
Blood pressure & osmollarity control
Sexual behavior and reproduction
Biological clocks
Emotion, Aversion, Pleasure, Reward

46
Q

anterior zone temp regulation hypothalamus?

A

cutaneous vasodilation and sweating

47
Q

posterior zone temp regulation hypothalamus?

A

cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering

48
Q

lesion to glucose sensitive satiety centre?

A

hyperphagia

49
Q

lesion to hunger and thirst centre?

A

hypoaphagia

50
Q

how does hypothalamus control sexual behavior and reproduction?

A

by controlling gonadotrophin production by anterior pituitary

51
Q

what nucelus is involved in circadian rhythm?

A

suprachiasmatic nucelus

52
Q

what is the subthalamus?

A

transition zone between midbrain and thalamus. contains subthalamic nucleus.

53
Q

what happens if you lesion the subthalamus?

A

hemiballismus (uncontrollable, violent torsional movements)

54
Q

what is epithalamus composed of?

A

habenula, stria medullaris thalami, pineal gland, posterior commissure, and habenular commissure

55
Q

what does habenula function in?

A

olfactory reflexes (limbic)

56
Q

stria medullaris thalami function?

A

connect septal area to habenula

57
Q

posterior commissure does what in epithalamus?

A

connects two superior colliculi and functions in visual reflexes

58
Q

pineal gland function?

A

secrete antigonadotropin which inhibits the gonadotropin of anterior pitutary, and melatonin is involved in circadian

59
Q

pineal growth results in what?

A

delayed puberty

60
Q

pineal destruction results in what?

A

precocious puberty.

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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