Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro Final > Diencephalon and Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Diencephalon and Basal Ganglia Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the medial boundary of the diencephalon?

lateral boundary?

A

medial: 3rd ventricle
lateral: internal capsule (post limb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the hypothalamic sulcus and why is it important

A

depression in the 3rd ventricle that runs from above the interventricular foramen of Monroe to the post commissure
-important bc it separates the hypothalamus from the dorsal thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 4 parts of the diencephalon

A
  1. dorsal thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. subthalamus (STN)
  4. epithalamus (pineal gland)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the tuber cinereum

A

the zone that forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what kind of fucntions is the hypothalamus nvolved w/

A

endocrine functions of the body

ex. feeding, drinking, sex, emotions, growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the median eminence
what emerges from it
what kind of organ is it

A

the central part of the tuber cinereum; the infundibulum emerges from this
-circumventicular organ (areas where there is no blood-brain barrier, allowing free communication btwn the cerebral blood, CSF of the ventricular system, and brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the diaphragma sellae

A

the dural fold covering the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what kind of organ is the pineal gland
what is it involved w/
what is it innervated by

A

circumventricular organ
circadian rhythms
sympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when is melatonin secreted

A

when it’s dark outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in the retina-scn-pineal circuit, the retina photoreceptors detect light, and fibers head to the “master pacemaker” called the ……..
where is this located
and via what tract

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the descending hypothalamic fibers will travel down the _____ brainstem to C8-T1 of the cord where it will synapse on the _______ cell column in the latreal horn gray of the spinal cord

A

lateral

IML -intermediolateral cell column in the lateral horn gray of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens when the pineal gland receives its sympathetic innervation

A

it stops secreting melatonin

-light will stop melatonin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

all sensory inputs except _____ pass through the thalamus before reaching the cortex

A

olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the thalamus receives motor info from where

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where do almost all thalamic projections (info leaving the thalamus) go to
-wehre do these projectoins travel in…what are they calld

A

cerebral cortex

-these projections travel in the internal capsule and area called “radiations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

wehre do relay nuclei receive input from and wehre do they project

A

receive defined inputs (tracts) and project to a specific area of cortex for specific function
ex. VPL, VPM, VA, VL, LGN, MGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where do association nuclei receive info from and where do they project

A

receive info from cortex and project back to cortex’s association areas in frontal and parietal lobes
ex. MD, LD, LP/pulvinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the internal medullary lamina and what do they divide

A

Y-shaped internal medullary lamina are myelinated fibers which divide the thalamus into anterior, medial and posterior nuclear groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what ist he lateral aspect of the thalamus covered by

A

a layer of myelinated axons, the external medullary lamina, which contains the reticular nucleus of the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do the anterior and medial groups (dorsomedial nucleus (MD nucleus, medial thalamus)) have a role in
what are they connected w?

A

memory and emotions

-hypothalamus, limbic lobe, frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what nuclei are in the dorsal tier

A

association nuclei: LD, LP, pulvinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what nuclei are in the ventral tier

A

relay nuclei: VA/VL, VPL/VPM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of the dorsolateral group (LD)

Study These Flashcards
A

unclear function, but similar to ant nuclear group

24
Q

what is the function of the posterior group (LP, pulvinar)

Study These Flashcards
A

parieto-occipital-temporal association

-role in attention needed in, for example, visuopatial tasks in the right hemisphere and language tasks in the left

25
LP and Pulvinar (post group) receive info from what? | they send their output projections to large parts of the association cortex called the....
LP and pulvinar receive info from all other thalamic nuclei and they send their output projections to larget parts of the association cortex called the parieto-occipital-temporal area
26
why is the pulvinar involved w/ the extrageniculate visual pathway why is it called the extrageniculate visual pathway
pulvinar is involved in a "second" visual pathway that bypasses the LGN (and sues the sup colliculus and pulvinar) and is therefore called the extrageniculate visual pathway -pulvinar is the thalamic relay in this pathway
27
where does the pulvinar receive its afferent projectoins from wehre does it project to
the superfical layers of the superior colliculus and projects to visual associatoin areas in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes
28
the motor thalamus (VA, VL) receives inputs from what
``` cerebellum (contralateral denate) basal ganglia (GPi) substantia nigra (SNr) ```
29
where does the motor thalamus project to
projects to areas of the cortex important for motor acitivity -helps regulate movement (planning, initiating)
30
what is the area in the thalamus that is important for motor function
in the VA and VL nuclei | -wehre we get inputs fcoming in from the cerebellum, BG, sub nigra
31
what will a lesion to the VPL do
contra loss of pain and temp (body) | contra loss of conscious proprioception/2 pt tactile/pressure/vibratory sense of the upper and lower extremities
32
what will a lesion to the VPM do
contra loss of pain and temp and tactile discimination in the head -also results in loss of ipsi taste
33
what kind of nuclei are in the VPL? what is its input what is its output
relay nuclei input: medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract output: post-central gyrus (arm and leg area)in pariteal lobe via internal capsule
34
what kind of nuclei are in VPM? what is its input what is its output
relay sensory nuclei input; trigeminal lemniscus (dorsal and vtt tracts), 2ndary taste fibers from n. colitarius via CTT output: post central gyrus (face) in parietal lobe via internal capusle and area 43
35
where does the vestibular system send projections to the thalamus at
VP area | -receives some vestibular inputs for conscious awareness of where your head is in space
36
what are the inputs and outputs of the MGN | what kind of nucleus
inputs: brachium of the inf colliculus outputs: to primary auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri of heschl) via auditory radiations -auditory relay nucleus
37
what are the inputs and outputs of the LGN | what kind of nucleus
inputs: from retina via optic tract output: to primary visual cortex (cuneus, lingual gyri) via optic radiations -visual relay nucleus
38
what do the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus do to go to sleep | what kind of nuclei are these
inhibit thalamic nuclei (and therefore their projections to cortex) - in sleep, can prevent sensory info from getting into cortex - reticular nuclei
39
the output of the cerebellum is excitatory or inhibitory? what about the basal ganglia?
cerebellum: excitatory BG: inhibitory
40
what is the pathway through the basal ganglia thought to be
a feedback loop that has a major modualtory influence on the direct output pathways of the cerebral cortex
41
why is the effect of the BG look contralateral
bc the effect is largely via corticospinals
42
what is the basal ganglia function
modulate cortical control of movement, cognition, and behavior
43
what will pathologic changes in the BG lead to
- abnormal involuntary movements in muscle tone and gait - NO WEAKNESS - dementia - psychiatric disease
44
what make up the striatum | -what are they separated by
the caudate nucleus and putamen - separated by the ant limb of the internal capsule - caudate medially and putamen laterally
45
what make up the lenticular nucleus | -what are they separated by
the putamen and globus pallidus | -separted from the thalamus by the post limb of the internal capsule
46
what is the input of the nuclei of the basal ganglia? what is the output
input: striatum (caudate and putamen) output: GPi and SNr (globus pallidus interna and substantia nigra pars reticularis)
47
how does the basal ganglia send signals
1. motor cortex sends signals to the BG's striatum 2. BG manipulates that info 3. GPi/SNr will send projections out of the basal ganglia to the VA/VL thalamus, which then send signal back to cortex
48
what is the direct pathway through the BG from the cortex? | what is the indirect pathway?
direct: which facilities the movement indirect: which terminates the movemetns
49
what is parkinson's disease due to
due to a slow, progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta
50
wht are the signs and symptoms of parkinson's
Tremor Rigidity Akinesia Posture
51
what does the SNc project onto
projects onto the striatum influences both direct and indirect pathway -through dominergic input onto either D1 or D2 receptors
52
what does lesion of Snc cause
decreased motor acitivty (bradykinesia) | ex. PD
53
what happens in huntington's disease
selective loss of medium spiny GABAergic neurons of striatum whose output is through indirect pathway
54
what are the sympotoms of huntingtons
chorea: brief, jerklike movements athetosis: slow, writhing movements mental decline: executive dysfunction, slowness, memory decline personality changes: irritable, anxious,depressed
55
what are the input, output, and intrinsic nuclei of the BG
input: caudate and putamen output: GPi, SNr intrinsic: GPe, SNc, STN

Neuro Final (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions