Diet and Nutrition

Question 1

What is the Daily Intake (Calories) for a person?

Answer 1

Varies based on age, gender, physical activity, body size

Women and older adults: 1600-1800 calories

Kids, teen girls, active women and most men: 2000 calories

Teen boys and active men: 2200 calories

Question 2

What is the Daily Intake by servings?

Answer 2

Vegetable :75gm

Meat: 65-100 gm (cooked)

Fruit: 150gm

Milk: 250ml of fresh milk, 12-ml of evaporated milk

Grains: 500kJ (1 slice of bread or 1/2 cup of cooked rice)

Question 3

Dietary Recommendations for Infants

Answer 3

1. Newborns need 3-4 times of an adult
2. WHO recommends exclusive breast feeding for 1st 6 months

Question 4

What does Breast Milk contain?

Answer 4

Lower protein and mineral content than cow’s milk -> Lower solute load for the immature kidney

Other nutrients: Iron, essential fatty acids, cholesterol for myelin synthesis

Question 5

Mom’s intake for Breastfeeding

Answer 5

Extra 500kcal/day

Question 6

How long does it take to transition to solid foods?

Answer 6

6 months

Question 7

Process of Nutritional Deficiency Toxicity

Answer 7

1. Overt clinical signs and anatomical lesions
2. Non-observable signs: Impaired immune function and healing
3. Change in blood and tissue levels
4. Diet history and evaluation

Question 8

What is the link between cancers and diet?

Answer 8

Increased nitrate and salt intake -> Risk of stomach, nasopharyngeal or oral carcinoma

Increased alcohol consumption -> Risk of oral carcinoma

Question 9

Implications of Calcium Deficiency

Answer 9

Incomplete calcification of teeth, tooth, bone malformations, osteoporosis

Question 10

Implications of Phosphorus Deficiency

Answer 10

Incomplete calcification of teeth, osteomalacia, osteoporosis

Question 11

Implications of Phosphorus Excess

Answer 11

Potential for increased skeletal porosity

Question 12

Implications for Fluoride Excess

Answer 12

Acute vs Chronic Fluorosis

Question 13

Implications of Magnesium Deficiency

Answer 13

Risk for osteoporosis and alveolar bone fragility

Question 14

Implications of Iron Deficiency

Answer 14

Anemia -> Oral manifestations of anemia

Question 15

Implications of Iron Excess

Answer 15

Toxicity

Question 16

Implications of Zinc Deficiency

Answer 16

Loss or distortion of taste and smell, delayed wound healing, atrophic oral mucosa

Question 17

Implications of Zinc Excess

Answer 17

Rare, GI disturbance, vomiting, dizziness, lack of muscle coordination

Question 18

Implications of Cooper Deficiency

Answer 18

Decrease trabeculation, decrease tissue vascularity, increased tissue fragility

Question 19

Implications of Copper excess

Answer 19

Wilson’s disease, vomiting, diarrhoea

Question 20

Examples of Minerals

Answer 20

Calcium, Phosphate, Fluoride, Magnesium

Question 21

Examples of non-mineralizing minerals

Answer 21

Iron, Zinc, Copper

Question 22

Examples of Fat-soluble Vitamins

Answer 22

Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K

Question 23

Implications of Vit A deficiency

Answer 23

Impaired healing, taste disturbances, desquamation of oral mucosa, xerostomia

Question 24

Implications of Vit E deficiency

Answer 24

Enamel defects in rats

Question 25

Implications of Vit K deficiency

Answer 25

Bleeding

Question 26

Examples of water-soluble vitamins

Answer 26

Thiamin (Vit B1) Vitamin C

Question 27

What are the Safety Issues with Dietary Supplements

Answer 27

Vitamins A and D have a very small range of safety Mineral supplements have a narrower range of safety than vitamins Herbal supplements have interactions with other medications but no regulation

Question 28

Effects of folic acid antagonist on dental development

Answer 28

Children with clefts. Folic acid prevents neural tube defects which are embryologically related to clefts

Question 29

Effect of Vitamin A excess

Answer 29

Incidence of clefts and maxillary bone development Inconclusive on oral clefts

Question 30

Which nutrients affect quantity of alveolar bone and bone density?

Answer 30

Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium

Question 31

Which nutrient is associated with bone density and soft tissue integrity via collagen formation?

Answer 31

Vitamin C

Question 32

What aids proper growth of mandible and maxilla and tooth eruption?

Answer 32

Diet consistency and texture: Firm diet

Question 33

What is associated with reduced mandible size and teeth crowding ?

Answer 33

Malnutrition (animals)

Question 34

Dental anomalies associated with malnutrition (animals) ?

Answer 34

Wide pulp chambers, open apices due to decreased osteogenic and osteoclastic activity Bone is not as radiopaque

Question 35

What is associated with delayed tooth development and eruption, enamel hypoplasia, enamel hypomaturation?

Answer 35

Malnutrition in humans

Question 36

What does protein deficiency cause?

Answer 36

Affect tooth size and eruption sequence Affect salivary gland formation and function -> affects salivary flow rate

Question 37

What nutrients will affect pre-eruptive tooth development?

Answer 37

1. Calcium, phosphate 2. Fluorides 3. Vitamin D

Question 38

What nutrients will affect post-eruptive tooth development?

Answer 38

1. Sugars 2. Acids 3. Nutrition

Question 41

What foods are protective against caries?

Answer 41

Proteins, cheeses, fats, fiber, sugar alcohols

Question 41

What foods are most cariogenic?

Answer 41

1. Simple sugars vs complex sugars 2. Processed vs raw

Question 42

Dietary habits that affect caries risk

Answer 42

1. Frequency of eating 2. Food combinations: Combining fats and proteins decrease caries potential

Question 42

Oral factors that affect caries risk

Answer 42

1. Salivary flow 2. Physical properties of food: Retentiveness, consistency, texture

Question 43

Comparison between different substrates in causing smooth-surface caries? (Bowen WH et al 2005)

Answer 43

Cola> Sucrose > Human milk> Cow milk

Question 44

Relation between breastfeeding and ECC

Answer 44

Branger et al 2019: Breastfeeding until the age of 1 year is not associated with an increased risk of dental caries

Question 45

Nutrition in Children with Special Health Care Needs

Answer 45

Pre-eruptive impact of oral and dental structures: Hypoplastic enamel Diet - Decreased appetite and increased nutritional risk - Long term use of cariogenic medications Poor OH Medical therapies: Loss of appetite, taste changes, nausea, vomiting, psychosocial, eating difficulties, pain from oral lesions