Diet and Nutrition

Question 1

Nutritional Science

Answer 1

Diet and Health Correlate, but so do diet and lifestyle

Mechanistic/biomedical interventions considered instead of biocultural ones

Question 2

Epidemiological Solutions

Answer 2

Suspected dietary factors involved with other factors not taken into consideration
e.g Red Wine is good for you, but we haven’t considered your diet

Question 3

Molecular Biology

Answer 3

Mechanistic models are highly oversimplified

Many studies related to lab rats - How are they related to humans?!

Question 4

Intervention Studies

Answer 4

Intervention studies vs. Non interventions (i.e butter group vs. olive oil group)
People get anstsy and worried about their diets and start researching and changing their diets and ruin the study
double blind studies and diet/lifestyle don’t work as people know which group they’re in

Question 5

Publication Bias

Answer 5

Biases derived non academically
Usually occur because of financial and personal interests
met analysis discovers publication biases
PLos Medicine 2007- Scholars funded by the industry had favourable results

Question 6

Preconceived Ideas

Answer 6

Porfitable foodstuffs are overemphasized

Wheat Fibre, vegetarianism, red meat, soya –> all have certain connotations

Question 7

Citation Bias

Answer 7

People fall back on well known studies - More influential but not necessarily better
Studies that confirm well known stuff are cited more than contradictors
Drug studies played up more than nutritional studies

Question 8

Autointoxication

Answer 8

Importance of Fibre began in 1970’s
Virtually no western diseases in their places of study - high fibre diets worsened in women with cardiovascular diseases
People who prefer whole wheat have less cardiovascular disease

Question 9

Wheat Bran

Answer 9

interferes with vitamin absorption and Decreases iron absorption
Leads to Negative Calcium Balance

Question 10

Low Fat Diet

Answer 10

study of Mediterranean Population - found that there was a correlation between fat intake and heart disease
US men 100x more at risk of heart disease even though Cretan men eat the same
2010 study showed no correlation between fat intake and heart disease

Question 11

Omega 3 Buzz

Answer 11

Greenland/inuit rooots - High Fatty Diet

Cochrane - Meta - analysis 2004 found no netbenefit on CVD, mortality or cancer

Question 12

Sodium

Answer 12

75 Salt in our diets comes from processed food

Question 13

Potassium sodium ratio

Answer 13

Lots of salt low potassium

Question 14

Glycemic Index

Answer 14

How fast the body breaks down blood sugar

Question 15

French Paradox

Answer 15

French consume highest saturated fats in western world yet have the lowest levels of coronary heart disease

Question 16

Ethanol/alcohol

Answer 16

62% lower at risk of CHDif you don’t drink alcohol

Question 17

Bipedalism

Answer 17

Sahelanthropus tchadensis
First Divergence from apes 7MYA
Forests shrink - climate change causes apes to move to the ground in search for food
Less energy to walk bipedal than knuckle walk

Question 18

Transition from Frugivory

Answer 18

Australopiths weaned off fruit to eat a variety of foods
Small canines, robust teeth, large and flat teeth
USO

Question 19

USO

Answer 19

Underground Storage Organs

Potatoes, Yams, Cassava

Question 20

Brain Increase

Answer 20

H.habilis 2MYA
600cm3
H&G began
Increased brain size correlates with better diet quality

Question 21

Paleolithic

Answer 21

2.6MYA-10KYA

Question 22

4 behaviours unique to hominins

Answer 22

Hunting
Gathering
Cooperation
Food Processing

Question 23

Homo Habilis

Answer 23

2MYA
evolved omnivorous diet
smaller post canines
thin enamel
increased brain size
increased small intestine

Question 24

Ancient Human Diets

Answer 24

High vitamin.mineral.micronutrient concentration
high water and fibre
no grains, beans, dairy, refined fats or sugars

Question 25

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 25

``` Intensive cultivation niche construction 10KYA increasing reproduction= earlier fertility decrease in health Consume Narrow Range of foods Decrease in Animal foods Dependant on crops vulnerable to drought and Disease Increase in cavities ```

Question 26

Tooth Size Trends

Answer 26

Smaller

Question 27

Hypoplasias

Answer 27

Grooves/pits in Enamel | Agriculturalists have more than foragers

Question 28

Micro/macro wear

Answer 28

Decrease in tooth wear in agriculturalists Decrease in Micro wear with the exception of those cooking in pottery little tooth wear in contemporary populations

Question 29

Dental Chipping

Answer 29

Benefit to Agriculturalist | Decrease due to softer foods

Question 30

Craniofacial Gracilization

Answer 30

Detriment to Agriculturalists Smaller jaw size and decrease in muscle strength and size Crowding of teeth - smaller jaw but same # of teeth soft food = overbite, tooth impaction and tooth rotation

Question 31

Children are shorter with less nutrition

Answer 31

Agriculture - femur length to dental age shows growth is impeded - lower stature which declines with agriculture or intensification - growth arrest lines aka harris lines (where growth stopped and then resumed) - anemia via iron deficiency - cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis

Question 32

Cribra Orbitalia

Answer 32

Cranial lesion in eye orbits

Question 33

Porotic hyperostosis

Answer 33

Lesions in fault lines on crown of head

Question 34

Osteoarthritis

Answer 34

mechanical degeneration of skeleton | Caused by lifetime physical demands

Question 35

Modern Diets

Answer 35

``` Industrial farming WWII -> 1970's Mechanical farming (small farmer turfed) Grow crops cheaply - superabundance low protein, high carb diet low in fibre, vitamins and minerals consuming more calories than necessary ```

Question 36

Psuedo-Foods

Answer 36

Seed oils, shortening, margarine, HFC's

Question 37

Papua New Guinea 1989

Answer 37

``` Stefan Lindberg Healthy modern Diet No western diseases in this area Verbal autopsy horticulture and limited H&G Primaryily eat yams, taro, sweet potato, pineapple, mango Low BMI Heavy smokers but no CHD No heart attack, stroke, diabetes. dementia. obesity, hypertension or acne. ```

Question 38

Hugh Towell and Deni Burkitt

Answer 38

High Fibre Diet Womens Health initiative RC dietary modification trial --> no benefit on CVD, cancer or total mortality

Question 39

Whole Wheat

Answer 39

People who prefer to eat whole wheat = less CVD

Question 40

Poor wheat Harvest 1799

Answer 40

Led to food Shortages | Making of brea act 1800

Question 41

Seven countries study

Answer 41

1950's | Us men 100x greater risk for CHD than other men vs identical fat intake

Question 42

Vitamin E and A supplements

Answer 42

Increase mortality

Question 43

Malocclusion

Answer 43

Edge to Edge bits and hard foods