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different types of socialism Flashcards

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1
Q

two broad categories

A

fundamentalist socialism

revisionist socialism

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2
Q

what is fundamentalist socialism

A

socialist values are incompatible with capitalism

associated with orthodox communism

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3
Q

what is revisionist socialism

A

socialism can be achieved alongside private property

can co-exist with capitalism

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4
Q

what are the 5 strands of fundamentalist socialism

A 
classical marxism 
marxism-leninism (orthodox communism) 
democratic socialism 
euro communism 
neo-marxism
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5
Q

what did marx say capitalism promoted (classical marxism)

A

‘exploitation’
‘oppression’
from one class by another
at odds with social values of fraternity+solidarity

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6
Q

what was historicism (classical marxism)

A

history was series of stages

moving toward final destination

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7
Q

according to hegel (philospher) how would one stage of history move onto the next (classical marxism)

A

the ‘official’ narrative about society’s aims by the ruling class isn’t was the rest experience
leads to alienation
creates a new society until next stage

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8
Q

how did marx and engels adjust hegels theory about stages (classical marxism)

A

history=series of economic stages

mentality would always be defined by economics+way resources were distributed

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9
Q

rather than a clash of ideas which leads to the next stage of society (hegels) what did marx and engels say it was a clash of (classical marxism)

A

economic interests

called this dialectal materialism

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10
Q

historical materialism (classical marxism)

A

each stage of history defined by clash of economic ideas

relates to how resources should be produced+distributed

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11
Q

in summary, what are the ten stages of history (classical marxism)

A 
primitive society 
slave-based
feudal
emerge capitalism 
emerge class consciousness 
revolution 
socialism 
state wither away 
communism 
end of history
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12
Q

how did marx aand engels view the state prior to revolution (classical marxism)

A

‘servants’ of the economic system
socialism must destroy this
stage 10 would be reach
humanity would’ve peaked

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13
Q

who was lenin (marxism-leninism)

A

leader of bolshevik party in Russia

prior to 1917 revolution

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14
Q

how did lenin’s socialist ideas differ to marx (marxism-leninism)

A

capitalism+proleariat didn’t have to be well developed

less developed countries shouldn’t have to ‘endure’ more decades of oppressive rule

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15
Q

what was lenin’s vision called (marxism-leninism)

A

accelerated revolutionary socialism

socialism+communism could pre-empt full development of capitalism

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16
Q

what did lenin argue in his key work ‘what is to be done?’ 1902 (marxism-leninism)

A

revolution in pre industrial countries should be the cause not effect of socialist ideas developing (as marx argued)

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17
Q

what would revolution in early capitalist societies prevent, according to lenin (marxism-leninism)

A

sympathy for capitalist values (false consciousness)

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18
Q

who endorsed lenins argument (marxism-leninism)

A

luxembourg-only his impatience for socialism

she was worried his ideas could make revolutionary socialism irrelevant in industrial countries

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19
Q

how did lenin think the revolution should occur (marxism-leninism)

A

led by revolutionary elite (vanguard)

they would perform 4 tasks

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20
Q

what were the 4 tasks lenin said the vanguard has to perform (marxism-leninism)

A

overthrow existing regime
organise revolution
educate masses on socialism
form communist party

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21
Q

democratic centralism (marxism-leninism)

A

only one party + open discussion
would embody will of people
further discussion= disrespectful to revolution
used to justify sever repression in Russsia+China

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22
Q

who upheld leninism

A

Stalin
he didnt want permanent revolution (international socialism)
promoted socialist nationalism (disliked by luxembourg)

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23
Q

which countries in the 21st century adopted the idea of vanguard communist parties

A

north korea
north vietnam
cuba under fidel castro

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24
Q

what is (marxism-leninism) also now known as

A

orthodox communism

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25
when did (democratic socialism) occur
late 19th century | e.g jeremy corbyn
26
what is early democratic socialism associated with
fabian society | vital in lab party
27
what did webb argue in her book 'the cooperative movement in Great Britian' (democratic socialism)
revolution=chaotic,inefficient+counterproductive' | 'guilty of the same problem besetting capitalism' (unpredictable)
28
how would early democratic socialism achieve its aims (democratic socialism)
suffrage extension=more orderly,election-based progression | socialist gov use existing parlimentary system to create society based on common ownership+public control
29
what is the 'inevitability of gradualism' (early democratic socialism)
socialist parties gain trust of voters workers would realise capitalism doesn't benefit them would vote for socialist who implement policy they''ll see benefits and re-elect them
30
example of (democratic socialism) in action
1946 landslide attlee's gov intro of welfare state transfer of some private to public
31
evolutionary socialism (democratic socialism)
socialism can be achieved peacefully and gradually through existing constitutional system
32
what led to changes in (democratic socialism)
drastic cuts to public spending 1976(pressure from IMF) | defeat 1979 GE
33
what adjustments would need to be made for evolutionary socialism to work (democratic socialism)
``` parliamentary sov (get out of EEC+EU) reform HoL party members having more power over selection of party leaders ```
34
example of later (democratic socialism)
Tony Benn
35
what is (euro communism)
belief capitalism could be got rid of by parliamentary methods + evolutionary socialism shared by many communist parties in europe `
36
what happened as a result of western european communist parties wanting to distance themselves from the soviet union (euro communism)
french communist party+italian communist rejected marx-leninism revolution instead won seats in parliamentary elections
37
examples of (euro communism)
George Marchais of french communist party | served in socialist-communist coaltion gov 1980s
38
who greatly influenced (euro communism)
Antonio Gramsci founded italian communist party argued capitalism only overthrown wi mass support hard to achieve bc of cultural influence of ruling class
39
what did Gramsci argue was needed (euro communism)
'cultural vanguard' | counter-culture not just in workplace but also literary etc
40
summary of (euro communism)
liberal state could allow socialist change e.g transition to public ownership rejected revolution liberal-capitalist state would evolve+wither away communism+end of history but no dictatorship of proletariat
41
important contributor to (neo marxism)
Horkheimer Marcuse from frankfurt school
42
what did Frankfurt school think about cultural hegemony (neo marxism)
couldn't be countered by socialist vanguard (like Gramsci said) had to be overthrown by revolution
43
even though the Frankfurt school wanted revolution what did they acknowlege (neo marxism)
capitalism was very resilient +adaptable | so probs wouldn't happen
44
which euro-communist belief did (neo marxism) reject
that capitalism could be gradually reformed out of existence socialist should take advantage of next economic slump+advocate rev
45
what did Gramsci+Marcuse directly oppose eachother on (neo marxism)
Gramsci=culture could shape economic system | Marcus=economic system always shaped culture
46
Ralph Miliband (neo marxism)
updated marx call for rev demolished idea socialism could be achieved through parliament once socialist gov's in power they're forced to dilute socialist agenda
47
what pro capitalist forces limited socialist govs according to ralph(neo marxism)
judiciary armed forces conspired to divert socialist gov
48
what did Ralph Miliband ultimately say was the road to socialism (neo marxism)
revolutionary overthrow of economic status quo arise from 'spontaneous' trade union action (luxembourg agreed)
49
what are the three forms of revisionist socialism
classical revisionism social democracy the third way
50
where did the earliest form of revisionist socialism come from (classical revisionism)
german socialism eduard bernstein | 'evolutionary socialism' 1898
51
what did Bernstein say about marx's 'crisis of capitalism' (classical revisionism)
little evidence it was happening working class conditions steadily improving said capitalism can further these improvements
52
according to Bernstein what made socialist governments more likely (classical revisionism)
widening of franchise working class majority among voters these gov's then legally improve workers conditions
53
what did Bernstein think about private property (classical revisionism)
it could co-exist with socialism
54
Origins of social democracy (Social democracy)
Developments wi Germans social Democratic Party Influential socialism grouping Argued to renounce it’s links with Marxism Agree with Crosland+ Keynesian
55
Why did croslamd argued for Keynesian economic (Social democracy)
Capitalism wasn’t vulnerable to peaks+troughs | No capitalist cycle=constant increase in public spending+welfare state
56
Keynesian economics Social democracy)
Stage manage market forces to ensure steady growth+full employment Social democrats thought this would finance steady right in public spending
57
What did crosland establish socialism wasn’t just based upon (Social democracy)
Common ownership | Allowed socialist to look at other methods to secure equality e.g examinations
58
How we’re British socialists like crosland different to those such as the German socialist party (Social democracy)
They liked idea of federal Europe | Crosland thought govs need to keep autonomy over their economies
59
What did Crosland argued in his final book, ‘Socialism now’ 1974 (Social democracy)
Europe wide economy policy promoted autherity over full employment
60
What is (Third way) also sometimes called
Neo- revisionism
61
Who is (Third way) associated with
Brown, Blair, SDP politicians like Shröder Emerged when case for fundamentalist socialism had basically gone (soviet union had collapsed+market economics was global)
62
What was Giddens desire (Third way)
Wanted modern leftists to ‘go with the flow’ Encourage privatisation+ deregulation Would boost economic growth+more tax for public spending
63
Controversial aspect of (Third way)
More inequality of outcome Unequal outcomes went hand in hand with more economic growth This is needed to yield more tax for public spending
64
How did (Third way) affect the Labour Party
Renounce clause IV commitment (to public ownership) Created new labour Arguably it was paternalistic conservatism
65
How is third way different than social democratic revisionism
More emphasis on political and cultural equality Globalisation had made economic influence increase So need to focus on inequalities in society that they had control of
66
Example of (Third way) reducing inequality
Legislation civil partnership Human Rights Acts These would equalise casual and political power
67
Marxism is redundant YES
``` Collapse of SU= failed attempt Capitalism has nit imploded Working class haven’t revolted- instead got private property ```
68
Marxism is redundant NO
Capitalism still unstable Still inequality from capitalism ‘Disappointing’ socialist gov e.g France 2012 shown revolution needed Marx was misapplied
69
Socialism means the abolition of private property and capitalism YES (fundamental socialist)
Socialist want equality- can’t get from private prop Priv Prop promoted individualism not fraternity Capitalism-exploitation+oppression of workers
70
Socialism means the abolition of private property+capitalism NO
Debate about priv ownership only concerns the means not ends Bernstein noted working class conditions improved under capitalism- marx didn’t see democratic socialist govs Giddens- capitalism gets more tax for public funding
71
Can socialist values be reconciled to liberal values YES
Products of enlightenment Both see Possibility of progress Reject paternalism Modern lib+socialism=positive liberty
72
Can socialism be reconciled to liberal values NO
Liberals prioritise individual liberty Liberals= individuals shape society but soci other way Liberals capitalism gives freedom to soci is a threat Classical liberals reduce state intervention

Socialism (8 decks)

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