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Biology Revision Exam Thing > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What is absorb?

A

To take in a substance so that it becomes part of the organism

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking down food into molecules that can be absorbed by the body

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3
Q

What is emulsify?

A

To break down fat into tiny droplets, so that it is easier to digest

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4
Q

What is egestion?

A

The removal of waste/faeces (indigestible food) from the body

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5
Q

What is enzyme?

A

Biological catalysts - protein molecules that speeds up the rate of a chemical (metabolic) reaction in the body

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6
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking food into the digestive system

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7
Q

What is insoluble?

A

A molecule that cannot dissolve in water which additionally, cannot be absorbed into the blood

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8
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical processes that take place in the cells in the body.

The rate at which these take place is called the metabolic rate.

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9
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The process of muscular contraction and relaxation of the gut wall that pushes food along the digestive tract

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10
Q

What is secretion?

A

The production and release of useful substances

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11
Q

What is soluble?

A

A molecule that can dissolve in water, and so it can be absorbed into the blood stream

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12
Q

What is the villi?

A

The walls of the small intestine that absorb molecules of food and water into the bloodstream.

Search up what they look like (fucking fingers or something ewwww)

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13
Q

What are the 5 stages of the digestive system for an animal?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical digestion
  3. Chemical digestion
  4. Absorption
  5. Egestion
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14
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Speed up the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed through the small intestine wall into the bloodstream for use by body cells.

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15
Q

What happens to carbohydrates/starch through digestive enzymes?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Through the enzyme, carbohydrase/amylase
  3. Turns into smaller, soluble food molecules, sugar (glucose)
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16
Q

What happens to protein through digestive enzymes?

A
  1. Protein
  2. Through the enzyme, protease
  3. Turns into smaller, soluble food molecules, amino acids
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17
Q

What happens to fat (lipids) through digestive enzymes?

A
  1. fat (lipids)
  2. Through the enzyme, lipase
  3. Turns into smaller, soluble food molecules, fatty acids + glycerol phosphate
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18
Q

When testing for starch, what happens to the colour of the iodine solution?

A

Changes from orange/brown to purple/black

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19
Q

When testing for glucose, what happens to the benedict’s solution colour?

A

It changes from blue to orange

20
Q

When testing for protein, what happens to the biuret solution’s colour?

A

It changes from blue to lilac

21
Q

Are enzymes specific? Explain why.

A

Enzymes are specific as protease’ active site shape cannot collide with starch to successfully collide (it couldn’t fit in), therefore during the test it changed colour. However that is why protease’ active site is complimentary to the protein molecule as it can collide and create enzyme substrate complex. Therefore the protease would’ve broken down the protein into amino acids so the colour wouldn’t change. For image reference, look at page 8 in ur digestive system in humans book.

Protease’ active site cannot collide with starch so changes colour in test however it can collide with protein creating enzyme substrate complex , not changing colour in test and making enzyme specific…

22
Q

What temperature do digestive enzymes work best?

A

Digestive enzymes work best at 37 degrees. However, when the temperature rises, enzyme reactions increase but if it gets too hot, the enzyme stops working.

23
Q

Where’s the gallbladder located?

A

On the liver, that green thing. But for safe measures, it’s located on the liver.

24
Q

Where’s the bileduct?

A

That line connecting the gallbladder to the small intestine

25
Q

Gullet is also additionally the…?

A

Oesophagus - which connects mouth to stomach for food to go to stomach

26
Q

Where is pancreas located?

A

Connected with the bile duct and kinda looks leafy

27
Q

Explain the whole digestive system process.

A
  1. Food first goes in mouth
  2. Food gets chewed and mixed with saliva
  3. Food is made into a bolus (ball) and is swallowed
  4. The bolus is pushed down the oesophagus by peristalsis
  5. Food goes into stomach, gastric juice (digestive juice), a mixture of carbohydrase, mucus and acid, is added
  6. Stomach churns up food with the gastric juice
  7. The now liquidised food leaves stomach and pours into the small intestine
  8. Digestive juices are added from the pancreas and bile from liver, in the small intestine
  9. Digestion of the food is completed in small intestine and is then absorbed into the blood stream and travels around the body to the body cells
  10. After digested food has passed into the blood, undigested waste and a lot of water is left behind and they pass into the large intestine
  11. As the waste + water travels through the large intestine, water is absorbed leaving behind semi-solid waste
  12. The faeces are stored in the rectum (last part of large intest) and when the rectum is full, it stretches and nerves carry info to the brain that its “ready”
  13. Faeces is removed from open anus in toilet and the rectum becomes empty.
  14. GGs thats a wrap
28
Q

What’s inside the stomach?

A

Gastric juice, a mixture of protease and hydrochloric acid which provides the optimum pH for protease to work

29
Q

What’s inside the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic juice containing all 3 enzymes (amylase, protease and lipase)

Joel is so cool

^ cap

30
Q

What’s inside the small intestine?

A

Intestinal juice containing protease, lipase and carbohydrase. Additionally, digestion is completed here as the small soluble food molecules can pass through the small intestine wall by diffusion into the blood stream and are used by body cells.

31
Q

What is bile?

A

A green fluid that is secreted by the liver and is stored in the gall bladder. Also it is an alkali and neutralizes stomach acid, providing optimum pH for the enzymes in the small intestine to work.

Bile isn’t an enzyme, it contains bile salts which emulsify fats (large fat and oil are broken into smaller droplets)

Green fluid secreted by liver and stored in gallbladder…

32
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

A source of energy. Includes starches and sugars and stored as glycogen in the liver

33
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Used for growth, repair and replacement of tissues e.g. muscles. Needed to build protein in the body.

34
Q

What is fat used for?

A

Provides a store of energy. Insulates the body and protects some organs

35
Q

What are vitamins used for?

A

Needed in small amounts to maintain healthy tissues. Lack of these can cause deficiency diseases e.g. lack of vitamin C = scurvy - bleeding gums, wounds don’t heal

36
Q

what are minerals used for?

A

Needed in very small amounts for good health. Lack of these can also cause deficiency diseases e.g. lack of iron = more risk of illness and infection

37
Q

What is fibre used for?

A

Provides bulk in the digestive system and prevents constipation.

38
Q

What is water used for?

A

Keep you hydrated and for metabolic reactions to take place. It’s an essential part of many functions e.g. sweating

39
Q

What are food additives?

A

Processed foods. I think it’s probably got to do with like what the food contains e.g. fish has salt making it a natural additive but some additives have artificial stuff.

Edit if this right??? :b

40
Q

How do people become fat?

A

They take more energy than needed.

Aka, why you eating 2 plates of chips u fat ass

41
Q

How is energy measured?

A

In J or kJ (Joules or kiloJoules)

42
Q

What causes tooth decay?

A

Too much sugar in diet

43
Q

What causes diabetes type 2?

A

Too much sugar in diet

44
Q

What causes gall stones?

A

Too much saturated fat and cholesterol

45
Q

What causes mobility problems (knee joints)?

A

Too much high energy foods such as fat + sugar leading to obesity. Struggle to move around.

46
Q

What causes heart and circulatory disease?

A
  1. Excess saturated fat (edit if u find)
  2. High cholesterol (lines blood vessels and narrows them)
  3. High salt (high blood pressure)
47
Q

What is a food (bomb) calorimeter? And explain how it’s more reliable than doing some other method.

A

Finds the energy value on foods.

The crumbles burning food is reliable to be burnt and there’s a hole for oxygen for the fire, the thermometer is at a good spot to get the temperature of the water.

(^^^ i don’t think this is a good answer since it’s apparently a qwc question andi got 2/3 sooooo)

Biology Revision Exam Thing (6 decks)

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