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Kin 146 > Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What is the sequence of the digestive tract

A

mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, esophageal sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, small intestines, ileocecal sphincter, large intestine, rectum, anus

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2
Q

What is the function of the mouth

A

chew and break down food mechanically, mixing it with saliva

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3
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands

A

secrete saliva

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4
Q

What is the function of the pharynx

A

directs food from mouth to esophagus

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5
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis

A

protect airways during swallowing

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6
Q

What is the function of the esophageal sphincter

A

allow passage of mouth to esophagus and esophagus to stomach; prevent back flow from stomach to esophagus and esophagus to mouth

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7
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

adds acids, enzymes, and fluid to the food, breaking it down chemically

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8
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter

A

allows passage from the stomach to the small intestine

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9
Q

What is the function of the small intestine

A

secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yielding nutrients to their basic building blocks; walls of small intestine absorb these nutrients

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10
Q

What is the function of the ileocecal sphincter

A

allows passage from small intestine to large intestine

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11
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

reabsorb water and minerals, passing waste to the rectum

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the rectum

A

stores waste before excretion

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13
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

manufactures bile salts to help digest fats

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14
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder

A

store bile salts before use

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15
Q

What is the function of the bile duct

A

conducts bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine when fat is present

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16
Q

What is the function of the pancreas

A

manufactures enzymes that are sent to the lumen of the small intestine to digest all energy-yielding nutrients

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17
Q

What is the function of the pancreatic duct

A

conducts pancreatic juice from pancreas to the small intestine

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18
Q

What is the (minor) function of the appendix

A

stores lymph cells

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19
Q

What are the three layers of stomach muscle

A

longitudinal, circular, diagonal

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20
Q

What two muscle types of the small intestine work in segmentation and peristalsis

A

circular and longitudinal

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21
Q

What is peristalsis

A
  • the inner circular muscles contract which tightens the tube and pushes it forward
  • the circular muscles relax and the outer longitudinal muscles then contract
  • as the muscles alternate in contraction, the chyme is moved down the intestinal tract
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22
Q

What is segmentation

A
  • circular muscles contract, creating segments in the intestine
  • as each set of circular muscles contracts and relaxes, the chyme is broken up into segments
  • these contractions occur 12-16 times per minute, mixing the chyme and digestive juices to bring the nutrients into contact with the intestinal lining for absorption
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23
Q

What are the 4 types of sphincter and their individual functions

A
  1. upper esophageal sphincter: top of the esophagus that opens in response to swallowing
  2. lower esophageal sphincter: bottom of the esophagus that prevents acid reflux from stomach
  3. pyloric sphincter: bottom of stomach that allows for movement from stomach to small intestine, and prevents reflux from small intestines to stomach
  4. ileocecal sphincter: end of small intestine that allows emptying of bowels
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24
Q

Why do we feel full after a fibre rich meal

A

high fibre slows digestion
fibre isn’t broken down in the small intestine, the colon uses fibre as an energy source and to maintain gut microbiome

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25
Maltose is made up of what 2 components
glucose + glucose
26
Sucrose is made up of what 2 components
glucose + fructose
27
Lactose is made up of what 2 components
glucose + galactose
28
Where does the majority of fat breakdown occur
small intestine
29
What substance breaks down fat
bile
30
What type of fats are found to be broken down more in stomach than small intestines
dairy fats
31
What is it called when bile pulls fat into the liquid environment
micelle (emulsified fat)
32
What does the emulsification process do to fats
breaks large fat globules into small droplets that repel one another (mixing fats and liquidy environment together)
33
How does emulsification increase digestion of fats
makes fat more exposed to enzymes, which break it down and allow for digestion
34
What enzyme coverts trypsinogen into trypsin
enteropeptidase
35
What enzymes are involved in protein digestion
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, elastase, collagenase, intestinal di, tri and aminopeptidases
36
What are carbs stored as in the body
glycogen
37
What body tissue uses the most glucose
skeletal muscle
38
What's a chylomicron
clusters of lipids and proteins
39
What happens to the lymph in the lymphatic system
collects in the thoracic duct and enters the bloodstream via the left subclavian vein
40
What are chylomicrons used for
transport of fat called lipoproteins
41
What are the 4 types of lipoproteins
chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
42
What lipoprotein is the most dense
HDL (smallest)
43
What lipoprotein is the least dense
chylomicrons (largest)
44
What is bad cholesterol
LDL
45
What is good cholesterol
HDL
46
Why is HDL good
made by the liver, and removed cholesterol from other cells to bring back to liver for recycling or disposal
47
What factors lower LDL and raise HDL
- weight control - consuming healthy fats - soluble dietary fibres - phytochemicals - moderate alcohol consumption - physical activity
48
How does the circulation of HDL differ from LDL
HDL - released by liver and pick up cholesterol from other cells, returning it to liver for excretion LDL - VLDL is released by liver, delivers cholesterol to cells and is broken down into LDL, which delivers cholesterol to other cells or back to the liver
49
What activates lipoprotein lipase
insulin
50
Where is the enzyme lipoprotein lipase found
on endothelial cells lining the capillaries around muscle, heart, and adipose tissue
51
How are amino acids stored
they're not - excess is deaminated
52
What does the deamination of amino acids produce
ammonia - converted to urea and excreted
53
Where are galactose and fructose converted to glucose
the liver
54
What lipoprotein has the largest % of triglyceride
chylomicrons
55
What tissue type has first access to amino acids that can be used to synthesize new proteins
intestines
56
Blood entering the heart travels from _________________ tract via the _______ _________ ________ to the liver
from the digestive tract, via the hepatic portal vein
57
Blood leaving the liver is sent back to the __________ via the ________ _________
back to the heart, via the hepatic vein
58
What are some important liver functions
- produce bile - detoxify - stores nutrients - produces hormones - produced clotting factors - produces transferrin - produces glucose and ketone bodies
59
How do fats bypass first pass clearance of the liver
they travel in lymph
60
What travels through first pass clearance to the liver
monosaccharides and amino acids
61
What is the body's first line of defence for ingestion
the liver
62
We are limited in what type of macro storage
carb storage
63
We are unlimited in what type of macro storage
fat storage
64
Since proteins aren't used for direct energy, what are they used for
- growth/maintenance of muscle and bone - hormones - enzymes - fluid balance - acid-base balance - transporters - antibodies - energy (small amounts)
65
Is the path from pyruvate to acetyl CoA reversible?
no, it is an irreversible step
66
Amino acids used to make glucose are called...
glucogenic
67
Amino acids used to make acetyl CoA are called...
ketogenic
68
What macro cannot yield glucose or amino acids when main suppliers are not available
fatty acid lipids (but glycerol can)
69
When eaten in excess, how does the body store carbs
liver and muscle glycogen stores & body fat stores
70
When eaten in excess, how does the body store lipids
body fat stores
71
When eaten in excess, how does the body store proteins
body proteins, loss of nitrogen in urine, & body fat stores
72
When a person is fasting, how are liver and muscle glycogen stores used
break down into glucose which is used as energy for the brain, nervous system, blood cells, and cells of the body
73
When a person is fasting, how are body fat stores used
broken down into fatty acids and used as energy for body cells
74
If a person fasts beyond glycogen depletion, what happens
body protein is broken down into glucose, ketone bodies, and lost nitrogen in urine - provide energy for body cells body fat is also broken down, but into fatty acids and ketone bodies - provide energy for body cells
75
During starvation, what happens
the body shuts down the desire to search for food, slowing all metabolic processes to conserve energy for essential functions
76
What are the two fates of acetyl CoA
enter TCA cycle or become fat
77
Fatty acids cannot be used to make glucose but can be used to male....
ketones

Kin 146 (8 decks)

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