Digestion And Absorption

Question 1

HCL

Answer 1

Begins digestion of protein in stomach

Question 2

Gastrin

Answer 2

Hormone released in stomach to stimulate gastric secretions and motility

Question 3

CCK

Answer 3

Released from duodenum when fat enter
Causes contraction of gallbladder releasing bile
Stimulates pancreas

Question 4

Secretin

Answer 4

Hormone released from duodenum
Stimulates flow of pancreatic juice bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme and water
Inhibits gastric acid secretion

Question 5

GLP1 and GIP

Answer 5

Hormone released from the intestine in presence of glucose and fat
Stimulates insulin synthesis and release

Question 6

Foods that slow gastric emptying

Answer 6

High fat and complex cho (esp soluble fibers)

Question 7

These foods empty at about the same rate from the stomach

Answer 7

Carbohydrate and protein

Question 8

Gastric emptying usually takes

Answer 8

2-6 hrs

Question 9

Most digestion is completed by

Answer 9

The middle of the jejunum

Question 10

Vitamins synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine and used by GI mucosal cells

Answer 10

Vitamin k
B12
Thiamine
Riboflavin

Question 11

Pepsin

Answer 11

Enzyme in stomach that begins digestion of protein

Question 12

Branched chain amino acids

Answer 12

Valine, leucine, isoleucine

Question 13

Exercise releases what amino acid from muscle to be converted to glucose?

Answer 13

Alanine

Question 14

Nitrogen balance equation (measures body equilibrium)

Answer 14

(protein intake g / 6.26) - [(urinary urea nitrogen +4) / urinary urea nitrogen]

Question 15

Net protein utilization equation(determines quality of protein in foods)

Answer 15

(N intake - N output) / N intake

Question 16

Essential amino acids

Answer 16

TV TILL PMH

threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lycine, phenylalanine, methionine, histadine

Question 17

Anabolism of protein: hormones

Answer 17

Pituitary growth hormone, thyroid, insulin, testosterone

Question 18

Protein catabolism: hormonal control

Answer 18

Glucocorticoids(adrenal steroids) - stimulate gluconeogenesis

Question 19

End products of fat metabolism

Answer 19

Monoglycerides
Dilglycerides
Glycerol
Fatty acids

Question 20

What fat products are absorbed directly into portal blood?

Answer 20

Glycerol

Short chained fatty acids

Question 21

What fat products are combined with Bile salts to form micelles?

Answer 21

Mono- and diglycerides
Long chained fatty acids
These are then bound to protein to form lipoproteins (chylomicron), penetrate intestinal mucosa, travel through lymph into the thoracic duct into the blood

Question 22

What is found in all cells and is important to cell structure? Some is absorbed with bile salts. Excreted by liver as bile

Answer 22

Cholesterol

Question 23

Enzyme that absorbed most cholesterol

Answer 23

Cholesterol esterase

Question 24

2 Metabolic activities of fat:

Answer 24

Lypogenesis - energy storage; adipose tissue and liver

Liver should not store fat - choline produce lipoproteins to transfer fatty acids out of the liver

Question 25

Lipogensis requires what substance from the pentose shunt?

Answer 25

NADPH

Question 26

Oxidation of fatty acids yields

Answer 26

Acetyl CoA - enters Krebs

Question 27

Hormones that cause lypolysis

Answer 27

Glucagon, growth hormone | Glucocorticoids, thyroxine, epinephrine, ACTH - increase rate of fat mobilization

Question 28

Hormone that causes lipogenesis

Answer 28

Insulin

Question 29

Uphill pumping from lower to higher concentration, across membrane against an energy gradient Needs energy from ATP Glucose, amino acids, Na,K,Mg,Ca,Fe

Answer 29

Active transport/ Sodium pump

Question 30

Higher to lower concentration Intestine to blood and lymph Some water and electrolytes use this method

Answer 30

Simple diffusion

Question 31

Carrier facilitated Water soluble nutrients Higher to lower concentration

Answer 31

Passive diffusion

Question 32

AIDS absorption of A

Answer 32

Bile salts Pancreatic lipase Fat

Question 33

AIDS absorption of D

Answer 33

Bile salts Acidity of chyme Accompanies Ca, P absorption

Question 34

Aids E,K absorption

Answer 34

Bile salts, fat

Question 35

Aids absorption of thiamin

Answer 35

Acid

Question 36

Aids absorption of riboflavin

Answer 36

Phosphorous

Question 37

Aids absorption of B12

Answer 37

``` Ileum Stomach secretions (HCL, Intrinsic factor) ```

Question 38

Aids calcium absorption

Answer 38

Acid Vitamins D Lactose

Question 39

Aids iron absorption

Answer 39

HCL | Calcium (binds oxalates)

Question 40

Central regulation of food intake

Answer 40

Hypothalamus gland