Digestion and Absorption of Biological Macromolecules

Question 1

Mucous cell (goblet cell)

Answer 1

Mucus and bicarbonate

Question 2

Parietal Cells

Answer 2

Gastric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic factor

Question 3

Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL)

Answer 3

Histamine

Question 4

Chief cells

Answer 4

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 5

D cells

Answer 5

Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone - GHIH)

Question 6

G cells

Answer 6

Gastrin

Question 7

Histamine

Answer 7

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

Question 8

Gastrin

Answer 8

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

Question 9

Mucus and bicarbonate

Answer 9

Physical barrier in between lumen and epithelium

Buffers gastric acid to prevent damage to epithelium

Question 10

Gastric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic Factor

Answer 10

Activated pepsin; kills bacteria

Complexes with vitamin B12 to permit absorption

Question 11

Somatostatin (GHIH)

Answer 11

Inhibits gastric acid secretion

Question 12

Pepsinogen and Gastric Lipase

Answer 12

Digests protein

Digests lipid

Question 13

Pancreatic islet cells

Answer 13

Secrete hormones into blood

Question 14

Pancreatic acini cells

Answer 14

Secrete zymogens (inactive enzymes) into pancreatic duct

Question 15

Pancreatic duct cells

Answer 15

Secrete bicarbonate solution into lumen of pancreatic duct

Question 16

Pancreatic nucleases

Answer 16

Chemical breakdown of nucleic acid

Question 17

Trypsin

Answer 17

Chemical breakdown of protein

Question 18

Chymotrypsin

Answer 18

Chemical breakdown of protein

Question 19

Carboxypeptidase

Answer 19

Chemical breakdown of protein

Question 20

Colipase

Answer 20

Protein cofactor, displaces some bile salts allowing lipase access to fats inside the bile salt coated lipid droplet

Question 21

Pancreatic lipase

Answer 21

Chemical breakdown of triglycerides

Question 22

Phospholipase

Answer 22

Chemical breakdown of phospholipid

Question 23

Pancreatic amylase

Answer 23

Chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

Question 24

CFTR

Answer 24

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

Question 25

Amphipathic

Answer 25

Molecules with polar and non polar region

Question 26

Polar

Answer 26

Lipophobic; hydrophilic molecules

Question 27

Nonpolar

Answer 27

Lipophilic; hydrophobic molecules

Question 28

Bile solution

Answer 28

Nonenzymatic solution secreted from hepatocytes; made of bile pigments, bile salts, and cholesterol

Question 29

Bile pigments

Answer 29

Waste products of hemoglobin degradation (like bilirubin) Removed via feces

Question 30

Bile salts

Answer 30

Amphipathic molecule that facilitates emulsification of fats. Reabsorbed in the ileum, circulate the blood, reabsorbed by hepatocytes, and are re-secreted

Question 31

Metabolism

Answer 31

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 32

Catabolism

Answer 32

Kaboom Reactions that break large molecules into smaller molecules

Question 33

Anabolism

Answer 33

Adding Reactions that synthesize large molecules from smaller molecules

Question 34

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 34

Individual’s lowest metabolic rate. Affected by age, assigned sex, amount of lean muscle mass, activity level, diet, hormones, and genetics

Question 35

Fasting (postabsorptive) State Metabolism

Answer 35

Period once nutrients from a recent meal are no longer in the bloodstream and available for use by the tissues

Question 36

Fed (absorptive) State Metabolism

Answer 36

The period of a meal when products of digestion are being absorbed, used, and stored

Question 37

Glycogenesis

Answer 37

Synthesizes glycogen from glucose Mostly occurs in liver and skeletal muscle cells

Question 38

Lipoproteins

Answer 38

Transport water-insoluble cholesterol and triglycerides through blood

Question 39

HDLs (high density lipoproteins)

Answer 39

Highest protein content Transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver to be broken down and secreted into bile “Healthy cholesterol”

Question 40

LDLs (low density lipoproteins)

Answer 40

Highest cholesterol content Transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues from membranes, storage, or hormone synthesis “Lethal cholesterol”

Question 41

VLDLs (very low density lipoproteins)

Answer 41

More than half triglycerides, with low density of proteins Transport triglycerides from liver to peripheral tissues

Question 42

Glycogenolysis

Answer 42

Breakdown glycogen to release glucose

Question 43

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 43

Process of forming new glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (lipids and proteins) Occurs in liver

Question 44

Ketone bodies

Answer 44

Acetoacetic acid Beta - hydroxybutyric acid Acetone

Question 45

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 45

Insulin deficiency from autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Question 46

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 46

Insulin-resistant diabetes

Question 47

Gestational Diabetes (GD)

Answer 47

Insulin-resistant diabetes due to pregnancy