Digestion and absorption of carbs

Question 1

Monosaccharide found in table sugar

Answer 1

glucose

Question 2

Monosaccharide found in fruits

Answer 2

fructose

Question 3

Monosaccharide found in “milk sugar”

Answer 3

galactose

Question 4

Sucrose bond and 2sugars

Answer 4

alpha-1,2. glucose and fructose

Question 5

Lactose bond and 2sugars

Answer 5

beta-1,4. glucose and galactose

Question 6

Maltose bond and 2sugars

Answer 6

alpha-1,4. glucose and glucose

Question 7

2 components of starch and where found

Answer 7

amylose and amylopectin. storage in plant cells

Question 8

glycogen found in

Answer 8

animal cells

Question 9

cellulose aka ___ found where

Answer 9

fiber. found in plant cell walls

Question 10

amylose bond

Answer 10

alpha 1,4

Question 11

amylopectin bond

Answer 11

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6

Question 12

glycogen bond

Answer 12

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6

Question 13

cellulose bond

Answer 13

beta 1,4

Question 14

which is more branched? glycogen or amylopectin

Answer 14

glycogen

Question 15

which polysaccharide can humans NOT break down and why

Answer 15

cellulose. cannot break down beta 1,4 linkages

Question 16

what is the function of gastrointestinal organs?

Answer 16

digestion and absorption

Question 17

alpha amylase breaks down what linkages

Answer 17

alpha 1,4 found in starch

Question 18

what is alpha amylase considered and where is it found

Answer 18

endoglycosidase found in saliva and pancreatic juice

Question 19

what are the products after alpha amylase is used in starch

Answer 19

maltose, maltotriose, and alpha dextrins (shortened polysaccharide chains)

Question 20

what epithelium releases the enzymes lactase, sucrase, and alpha glucosidases

Answer 20

intestinal

Question 21

what are the two alpha glucosidases and what do they cleave

Answer 21

maltase cleaves alpha 1,4. isomaltase cleaves alpha 1,6

Question 22

what is the most commonly deficient enzyme

Answer 22

lactase

Question 23

what does the drug Acarbose do and how does it do it

Answer 23

blocks activities of pancreatic alpha amylase and brush border alpha glucosidases.
Used to treat Type 2 diabetes.
Reduces the rate at which ingested carbs reach bloodstream after a meal

Question 24

Facilitative glucose transporters are

Answer 24

GLUT 1-5

Question 25

Na+ dependent transporters are

Answer 25

SGLT1 and SGLT2

Question 26

SGLT1 is found in

Answer 26

intestine

Question 27

SGLT2 is found in

Answer 27

kidney

Question 28

Mutations in SGLT1 cause

Answer 28

malabsorption of Glc and Gal

Question 29

Mutations in SGLT2 cause

Answer 29

familial renal glycosuria

Question 30

how do Glifozins work and what do they treat

Answer 30

inhibitors of SGLT2 transporters. inhibit reabsorption of glucose which allows for more to be excreted in urine. helps with type 2 diabetes

Question 31

GLUT2 where is it found and what does it do

Answer 31

found in pancreatic beta cells. 1. receptor takes in glucose 2. allows for ATP to be broken down in mitochondria 3. this breakdown of ATP closes K+ channel which allows for K+ to stay in and depolarization of cell 4. change in membrane polarization opens voltage gated calcium channel allowing calcium to enter 5. increased calcium leads to insulin being released

Question 32

GLUT4 where is it found and what does it do

Answer 32

found in muscle and adipose tissue. 1. stimulated by insulin which causes GLUT4s which were in membrane to fuse with plasma membrane. 2. the more GLUT4s attach the more glucose can be taken in by the cell

Question 33

when are GLUT4's recruited to membrane in muscles?

Answer 33

during exercise

Question 34

what mediates the uptake of GLUT4 in muscles during exercise

Answer 34

AMP-dependents protein kinase (AMPK).

Question 35

What gene is mutated in neonatal diabete

Answer 35

KCNJ11 gene

Question 36

what does the KCNJ11 gene code for and what disease process is relevant

Answer 36

encodes subunit for K+ATP channel. Neonatal diabetes

Question 37

What does KCNJ11 gene mutation do in neonatal diabetes?

Answer 37

eliminates ATP-dependent regulation of the channel and results in always open channel. Inability to close prevents release of insulin in beta pancreatic cells

Question 38

what drug can be used to treat neonatal diabetes

Answer 38

sulfonylureas

Question 39

how does sulfonyureas work and what does it treat

Answer 39

stimulates release of insulin by closing ATP-sensitive K-channels in beta cells. treats neonatal diabetes

Question 40

what GLUT is responsible for sending glucose across blood brain barrier

Answer 40

GLUT1

Question 41

GLUT1 deficiency causes

Answer 41

decreased glucose transport into the cerebrospinal fluid and brain. patients suffer with seizures in infancy and developmental delays

Question 42

What GLUTs control BBB

Answer 42

GLUT 1 and GLUT3

Question 43

symptoms of hypoglycemia like light-headedness or dizziness are relevant with what GLUT transporters

Answer 43

GLUT 1 and GLUT3