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Anatomy II: Digestion > Digestion & Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestion & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

 Where does most absorption occur in the G.I. tract?

A

Small intestine (specifically jejunum)

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2
Q

What epithelium likes the peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane

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3
Q

Explain lesser omentum

A

Between the stomach and the liver

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4
Q

Explain the falciform ligament

A

Connects the liver to the diaphragm

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5
Q

Explain the mesocolon

A

Connects the transverse colon to the back wall

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6
Q

Explain mesentery proper

A

Connects the parietal peritoneal and the small intestines

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7
Q

What are the 4layers of the GI tract histology

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia

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8
Q

Mucosa: name the 3 layers and the tissues

A

Epithelium: simple squamous
Laminate propria: areolar connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa: smooth muscle and elastic fibers

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9
Q

Submucosa: what epithelium

A

Dense irregular tissue

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10
Q

Muscularis externa: what are the basic layers, and what falls in between them?

A

Inner circular layer of muscle and outer longitudinal layer of muscle.
The myenteric plexus

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11
Q

Serosa: what tissue?

A

Areolar connective tissue (serous membrane= visceral peritoneum; adventitia= partial peritoneum)

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12
Q

What two body systems control digestion in the GI tract?

A

Endocrine & nervous system

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13
Q

The parasympathetic NS ______ motility, innervated by the ____ nerve.

A

Increases, vagus nerve.

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14
Q

The sympathetic NS _____ motility I’m the GI tract

A

Decreases

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15
Q

What tissues are found in the gingiva?

A

Keritinized stratified squamous

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16
Q

What’s the purpose of the soft palate?

A

Helps chew, swallow, covers nasopharynx when swallowing

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17
Q

What’s the purpose of the uvula?

A

Prevents food down the wrong pipe or up the nose

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18
Q

Function of your tonsils?

A

Immune function,prevents germs from entering body

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19
Q

Name the 3 salivary glands in the oral cavity

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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20
Q

Parotid gland: name location, cells in the gland, produces anything?

A

Deep in skin by the zygomatic arch, made of serous cells, and produces the enzyme salivary amylase

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21
Q

Submandibular: name location, cells in gland, produces anything?

A

Inner surface of mandible, contains both serous and mucus cells

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22
Q

Sublingual: name location, cells in gland, produces anything?

A

On the floor of the mouth, contains mucus cells

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23
Q

Name the 2 acini in the salivary glands:

A

Serous and mucus

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24
Q

Some functions of saliva?

A

Flushes surface, lubricators

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25
Q

Name 4 key components of saliva:

A

(Water: 99.4%) lysozyme, electrolytes, amylase, and buffers

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26
Q

What is the function of amylase? Where is it made? What’s it pH

A

Amylase breaks down molecules(complex starches -> simple sugars), it’s made in the oral cavity and the pancreas (salivary and pancreatic), optimal pH is near 7.0.

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27
Q

How is salvation controlled?

A

The autonomic NS (parasympathetic)

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28
Q

What 2 bones have alveolar sockets for teeth?

A

Maxilla and mandible

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29
Q

Name the parts of the pharynx:

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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30
Q

Nasopharynx- epithelium? Smooth or skeletal?

A

Psuedostratified ciliated columnar, skeletal

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31
Q

Oropharynx- epithelium? Skeletal?

A

Stratified squamous, underlying skeletal

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32
Q

Latyngopharynx- epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous

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33
Q

Where does the esophagus penetrate the diaphragm?

A

Lower Esophageal sphincter

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34
Q

How does food go to the esophagus and not the larynx?

A

The uvula blocks it

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35
Q

4 histologies layers of the esophagus:

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia

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36
Q

Esophagus mucosa- epithelium?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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37
Q

Esophagus submucosa- epithelium?

A

Glands including longitudinal folds

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38
Q

Esophagus muscularis layer-epithelium?

A

Inner circ, outer long

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39
Q

Why does the esophagus have adventitia?

A

Because it is Retroperitoneal

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40
Q

Name the phases of deglutition & what happens

A

Buccal- bolus goes to oropharynx
Pharyngeal- soft palate blocks nasopharynx so no food gets in, bolus passes the glottis
Esophageal- the bolus is passed down esophagus through peristalsis to the stomach.

41
Q

Define GERD

A

Stomach acid fellows back into the esophagus (acid reflux)

42
Q

Define hiatal hernia

A

Part of the stomach protrudes into chest through the diaphragm

43
Q

Stomach mucosa- epithelium?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

44
Q

Stomach mucosa- includes several different types of cells….?

A

Mucus cells
Partial cell
chief cells
Goblet crlls
G-cells

45
Q

What’s the purpose of mucus cells?

A

Replaces superficial cells that go into the chyme

46
Q

What are the products of parietAl cells

A

Intrinsic factor & HCL

47
Q

HCL function

A

Helps create good condition of H & Cl, keeps pH in stomach, activates pepsinogen

48
Q

Intrinsic factor function

A

A glycoprotein that’s held absorb B12

49
Q

What proenzyme is made by chief cells?

A

Pepsinogen

50
Q

What activates pepsinogen? and what does it activate to ?

A

HCL or stomach acid, Pepsin

51
Q

Product of G cells

A

Gastrin

52
Q

Name tissue of the stomachs submucosa

A

Areolar and dense connective tissue

53
Q

Why does the stomach have and extra layer of muscularis externa?

A

For extra churning and break down

54
Q

What reaction does pepsin catalyze?

A

Hydrolysis of peptide bonds

55
Q

What are the 3 stages of digestion?

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

56
Q

Is the cephalic phase under endocrine or nervous control?

A

Nervous control

57
Q

What’s the primary hormone during the gastric phase?

A

Gastrin

58
Q

The intestinal phase is under endocrine control, what 2 hormones are primarily here?

A

CCK & secretin

59
Q

Function of CCK, & where’s it made?

A

Decreases stomach secretion into the small intestine, and made in the duodenum

60
Q

Function of secretin, & where’s it made?

A

Decreases stomach secretion and increase bicarbonate secretion, and made in the duodenum

61
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

62
Q

What is found in the small intestines laminate propria?

A

Capillaries and vessels such as LACTEAL

63
Q

LACTEAL purpose?

A

Transports materials that cannot be absorbed though capillaries, such as fats

64
Q

What is a brush border?
What enzymes are in the brush border, if any?

A

Border increases surface area & holds enzymes such as enteropeptidase, dipeptidase, disaccharides

65
Q

Where are intestinal glands(crypts of Lieberkühn) located?

A

Deep within the small intestines villi

66
Q

What cells are located in the crypts of lieberkühn?

A

Enteroendocrine cells
Paneth cells

67
Q

What hormones are made by enteroendocrine cells?

A

Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin

68
Q

Where are burners glands located?
What do they make?

A

They are located in the submucosa of the duodenum & the make mucus to protect the epithelium form acidity

69
Q

Peyers patches are located where?

A

In the ileum of the small intestine, primarily (peyers patches have a lymphatic function including T & B cells, and macrophages)

70
Q

What part of the small intestine would have an adventitia?

A

The duodenum, bc it’s retroperitoneal

71
Q

What is the general digestive function of the liver?

A

Make and secrete bile

72
Q

What is the general digestive function for the gall bladder?

A

Stores bile

73
Q

What is the general digestive function of the pancreas?

A

Makes pancreatic juice that exits with bile

74
Q

The triad region of the liver includes what?

A

The hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

75
Q

What are the layers of the gall bladder?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

76
Q

What causes bile to be released from the gall bladder?

A

The release of CCK

77
Q

What makes the duodenum releases CCK?

A

The introduction of amino acids of fatty acids

78
Q

What does the Isley of langerhan in the pancreas create

A

Insulin
Glucagon

79
Q

Does the pancreas have more serious acini or islets of langerhan?
Does this mean the pancreas is more exocrine or endocrine?

A

There’s more serious acini, exocrine

80
Q

What enzymes are created by the pancreas?

A

Amylase
Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase
Lipase
Ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

81
Q

Pancreatic amylase digests ______

A

Starches

82
Q

Pancreatic lipase digests_____

A

Triglycerides -> fatty acids

83
Q

Ribo/deoxyribonuclesse digests___.

A

Nucleic acids

84
Q

What activates trypsinogen?

A

Enteropeptidase

85
Q

What activates chymotypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase?

A

Trypsin

86
Q

What does typsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, & procarboxypeptidase activated to?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidsase

87
Q

Is enteropeptidase in the mix of pancreatic juice?

A

YES

88
Q

What’s the purpose of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice?

A

Raises pH of chyme

89
Q

What hormone causes the increase of bicarbonate in the pancreas?

A

Secretin

90
Q

CCK made by _____ cells in the ____. CCK stimulates acini in the pancreatic juice to be rich in ____

A

Enteroendocrine cells,
duodenum,
digestive enzymes

91
Q

Secretin made by ___ of the ___. Secretin stimulates acini of the pancreatic juice to be rich in____

A

S-cells
Duodenum
Bicarbonate

92
Q

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats have to be broken down to what to be digested?

A

Carbs-»» monosaccharides
Proteins-»»amino acids
Fats-»» fatty acids and monoglycerides

93
Q

3 enzymes in duodenum

A

Sucrose
Lactase
Maltase

94
Q

3 enzymes in pancreas

A

Trypsin
Amylase
Lipase

95
Q

4 functions of HCL

A

Kills microorganisms with food
Denatures proteins
Breaks down plant cells
Activates pepsinogen

96
Q

3 chemicals that increase the HCL production

A

Acetylcholine
Histamine
Gastrin

97
Q

Is chyme acid or basic

A

Acidic

98
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

A protective mucus layer

Anatomy II: Digestion (1 decks)

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