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Anatomy II: Digestion > Digestion & Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestion & Metabolism Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

 Where does most absorption occur in the G.I. tract?

A

Small intestine (specifically jejunum)

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2
Q

What epithelium likes the peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane

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3
Q

Explain lesser omentum

A

Between the stomach and the liver

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4
Q

Explain the falciform ligament

A

Connects the liver to the diaphragm

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5
Q

Explain the mesocolon

A

Connects the transverse colon to the back wall

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6
Q

Explain mesentery proper

A

Connects the parietal peritoneal and the small intestines

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7
Q

What are the 4layers of the GI tract histology

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia

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8
Q

Mucosa: name the 3 layers and the tissues

A

Epithelium: simple squamous
Laminate propria: areolar connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa: smooth muscle and elastic fibers

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9
Q

Submucosa: what epithelium

A

Dense irregular tissue

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10
Q

Muscularis externa: what are the basic layers, and what falls in between them?

A

Inner circular layer of muscle and outer longitudinal layer of muscle.
The myenteric plexus

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11
Q

Serosa: what tissue?

A

Areolar connective tissue (serous membrane= visceral peritoneum; adventitia= partial peritoneum)

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12
Q

What two body systems control digestion in the GI tract?

A

Endocrine & nervous system

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13
Q

The parasympathetic NS ______ motility, innervated by the ____ nerve.

A

Increases, vagus nerve.

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14
Q

The sympathetic NS _____ motility I’m the GI tract

A

Decreases

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15
Q

What tissues are found in the gingiva?

A

Keritinized stratified squamous

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16
Q

What’s the purpose of the soft palate?

A

Helps chew, swallow, covers nasopharynx when swallowing

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17
Q

What’s the purpose of the uvula?

A

Prevents food down the wrong pipe or up the nose

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18
Q

Function of your tonsils?

A

Immune function,prevents germs from entering body

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19
Q

Name the 3 salivary glands in the oral cavity

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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20
Q

Parotid gland: name location, cells in the gland, produces anything?

A

Deep in skin by the zygomatic arch, made of serous cells, and produces the enzyme salivary amylase

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21
Q

Submandibular: name location, cells in gland, produces anything?

A

Inner surface of mandible, contains both serous and mucus cells

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22
Q

Sublingual: name location, cells in gland, produces anything?

A

On the floor of the mouth, contains mucus cells

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23
Q

Name the 2 acini in the salivary glands:

A

Serous and mucus

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24
Q

Some functions of saliva?

A

Flushes surface, lubricators

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25
Name 4 key components of saliva:
(Water: 99.4%) lysozyme, electrolytes, amylase, and buffers
26
What is the function of amylase? Where is it made? What’s it pH
Amylase breaks down molecules(complex starches -> simple sugars), it’s made in the oral cavity and the pancreas (salivary and pancreatic), optimal pH is near 7.0.
27
How is salvation controlled?
The autonomic NS (parasympathetic)
28
What 2 bones have alveolar sockets for teeth?
Maxilla and mandible
29
Name the parts of the pharynx:
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
30
Nasopharynx- epithelium? Smooth or skeletal?
Psuedostratified ciliated columnar, skeletal
31
Oropharynx- epithelium? Skeletal?
Stratified squamous, underlying skeletal
32
Latyngopharynx- epithelium?
Stratified squamous
33
Where does the esophagus penetrate the diaphragm?
Lower Esophageal sphincter
34
How does food go to the esophagus and not the larynx?
The uvula blocks it
35
4 histologies layers of the esophagus:
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Adventitia
36
Esophagus mucosa- epithelium?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
37
Esophagus submucosa- epithelium?
Glands including longitudinal folds
38
Esophagus muscularis layer-epithelium?
Inner circ, outer long
39
Why does the esophagus have adventitia?
Because it is Retroperitoneal
40
Name the phases of deglutition & what happens
Buccal- bolus goes to oropharynx Pharyngeal- soft palate blocks nasopharynx so no food gets in, bolus passes the glottis Esophageal- the bolus is passed down esophagus through peristalsis to the stomach.
41
Define GERD
Stomach acid fellows back into the esophagus (acid reflux)
42
Define hiatal hernia
Part of the stomach protrudes into chest through the diaphragm
43
Stomach mucosa- epithelium?
Simple columnar epithelium
44
Stomach mucosa- includes several different types of cells….?
Mucus cells Partial cell chief cells Goblet crlls G-cells
45
What’s the purpose of mucus cells?
Replaces superficial cells that go into the chyme
46
What are the products of parietAl cells
Intrinsic factor & HCL
47
HCL function
Helps create good condition of H & Cl, keeps pH in stomach, activates pepsinogen
48
Intrinsic factor function
A glycoprotein that’s held absorb B12
49
What proenzyme is made by chief cells?
Pepsinogen
50
What activates pepsinogen? and what does it activate to ?
HCL or stomach acid, Pepsin
51
Product of G cells
Gastrin
52
Name tissue of the stomachs submucosa
Areolar and dense connective tissue
53
Why does the stomach have and extra layer of muscularis externa?
For extra churning and break down
54
What reaction does pepsin catalyze?
Hydrolysis of peptide bonds
55
What are the 3 stages of digestion?
Cephalic phase Gastric phase Intestinal phase
56
Is the cephalic phase under endocrine or nervous control?
Nervous control
57
What’s the primary hormone during the gastric phase?
Gastrin
58
The intestinal phase is under endocrine control, what 2 hormones are primarily here?
CCK & secretin
59
Function of CCK, & where’s it made?
Decreases stomach secretion into the small intestine, and made in the duodenum
60
Function of secretin, & where’s it made?
Decreases stomach secretion and increase bicarbonate secretion, and made in the duodenum
61
What kind of epithelium is found in the small intestine?
Simple columnar
62
What is found in the small intestines laminate propria?
Capillaries and vessels such as LACTEAL
63
LACTEAL purpose?
Transports materials that cannot be absorbed though capillaries, such as fats
64
What is a brush border? What enzymes are in the brush border, if any?
Border increases surface area & holds enzymes such as enteropeptidase, dipeptidase, disaccharides
65
Where are intestinal glands(crypts of Lieberkühn) located?
Deep within the small intestines villi
66
What cells are located in the crypts of lieberkühn?
Enteroendocrine cells Paneth cells
67
What hormones are made by enteroendocrine cells?
Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin
68
Where are burners glands located? What do they make?
They are located in the submucosa of the duodenum & the make mucus to protect the epithelium form acidity
69
Peyers patches are located where?
In the ileum of the small intestine, primarily (peyers patches have a lymphatic function including T & B cells, and macrophages)
70
What part of the small intestine would have an adventitia?
The duodenum, bc it’s retroperitoneal
71
What is the general digestive function of the liver?
Make and secrete bile
72
What is the general digestive function for the gall bladder?
Stores bile
73
What is the general digestive function of the pancreas?
Makes pancreatic juice that exits with bile
74
The triad region of the liver includes what?
The hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery Bile duct
75
What are the layers of the gall bladder?
Mucosa Muscularis externa Serosa
76
What causes bile to be released from the gall bladder?
The release of CCK
77
What makes the duodenum releases CCK?
The introduction of amino acids of fatty acids
78
What does the Isley of langerhan in the pancreas create
Insulin Glucagon
79
Does the pancreas have more serious acini or islets of langerhan? Does this mean the pancreas is more exocrine or endocrine?
There’s more serious acini, exocrine
80
What enzymes are created by the pancreas?
Amylase Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase Lipase Ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
81
Pancreatic amylase digests ______
Starches
82
Pancreatic lipase digests_____
Triglycerides -> fatty acids
83
Ribo/deoxyribonuclesse digests___.
Nucleic acids
84
What activates trypsinogen?
Enteropeptidase
85
What activates chymotypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase?
Trypsin
86
What does typsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, & procarboxypeptidase activated to?
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidsase
87
Is enteropeptidase in the mix of pancreatic juice?
YES
88
What’s the purpose of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice?
Raises pH of chyme
89
What hormone causes the increase of bicarbonate in the pancreas?
Secretin
90
CCK made by _____ cells in the ____. CCK stimulates acini in the pancreatic juice to be rich in ____
Enteroendocrine cells, duodenum, digestive enzymes
91
Secretin made by ___ of the ___. Secretin stimulates acini of the pancreatic juice to be rich in____
S-cells Duodenum Bicarbonate
92
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats have to be broken down to what to be digested?
Carbs->>>> monosaccharides Proteins->>>>amino acids Fats->>>> fatty acids and monoglycerides
93
3 enzymes in duodenum
Sucrose Lactase Maltase
94
3 enzymes in pancreas
Trypsin Amylase Lipase
95
4 functions of HCL
Kills microorganisms with food Denatures proteins Breaks down plant cells Activates pepsinogen
96
3 chemicals that increase the HCL production
Acetylcholine Histamine Gastrin
97
Is chyme acid or basic
Acidic
98
What do goblet cells produce?
A protective mucus layer

Anatomy II: Digestion (1 decks)

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