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Digestion/Respiration/Muscles Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Benedicts test

A

reducing sugars

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2
Q

iodine test

A

startch

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3
Q

translucence test

A

lipids

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4
Q

Biurrets test

A

proteins

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5
Q

enzymes

A

lower activation energy of reaction

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6
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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7
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

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8
Q

digestion

A

chemical breakdown of organic molecules into smaller complexes

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9
Q

perastalisis

A

The movement of food through the entire digestive tract through the rhythmic contractions of the muscle lining in the entire alimentary canal

There are contractions behind of the mass and in front and pushing the mass forward

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10
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

entire digestive tract

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11
Q

absorbtion

A

movement of digested nutrients into the tissues of the body

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12
Q

the mouth

A

First sight of chemical digestion of starch
Primary function: Mastication
Chewing reduces the size of the food particles increasing surface area
This chewed paste is called bolus

Secretions:
Saliva
A combination of water, mucin and amayles
Secreted by the salivary glands
(produces analyses)
This activates taste buds and lubricates the passage of food

Amayles
An enzyme that breaks down starch

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13
Q

epiglotis

A

separates air and food
prevents food from going down trachea and air going down esophagus

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14
Q

larynx

A

contains vocal cord and opens let air pass through trachea

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15
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube that bolus travels through, contracts as it moves food into stomach (peristalsis),

cardiac sphincter moves food from esophagus into the stomach

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16
Q

Pharynx

A

A passageway for food and water to enter esophagus and air to enter larynx

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17
Q

Stomach

A

ph is 2
Primary function: The digestion of protein
A hollow muscular sac that is the site of food storage and initial protein digestion
Pyloric sphincter:
Regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine)

Stomach secretions:
Food within the stomach is called chyme
Pepsinogen:
An inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells and are activated by HCl
Pepsin if the active enzyme of pepsinogen which digests 20% of proteins
HCL:
An acid secreted by parietal cells
This activates pepsinogen and helps break down proteins

Mucin:
Protects the stomach lining from digestion

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18
Q

Renin

A

enzyme that coagulates milk

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19
Q

Hormones

A

proteins that enter the blood stream and trigger the activation of other. bodily structures

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20
Q

Gastrin

A

A stomach hormone triggered by the presence of proteins in the stomach and causes the release of gastric secretions

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21
Q

Stomach diseases

A

If Mucus production is inhibited HCL and pepsin can digest through the stomach wall causing ulcers

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22
Q

The pancreas

A

Main function: The secretion of enzymes that helps digest chyme (but food does not enter the pancreas)
Is triggered by the presence of chyme in the duodenum which then triggers

CCK (hormone) triggers the release of pancreatic enzymes

Secretin: triggers the release of bicarbonate
Empty contents into small intestine

Pancreatic Secretions:
These secretions enter the duodenum through the pancreatic duct
Lipase: an enzyme that breaks down lipids
Amylase: an enzyme that breaks down starch
Bicarbonate: a ionic compound that neutralizes the ph of chyme
Trypsinogen: enzymes that break down proteins

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23
Q

Liver

A

Main Function:
A large organ that detoxifies chemicals and produces bile (an emulsifier that helps increase the surface area of lipids, but does not chemically digest them)
CCk triggers the production of bile when lipids are in duodenum

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24
Q

gallbladder

A

A small muscular sac that stores bile and empties it into the common bile duct and can get blocked easily

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25
Small intestine
Main function: Break down food and the absorption which occurs through microvilli located on inner surface of small intestine (increases surface areas) of chemically digested foods Secretions: The presence of chyme triggers these secretions CCK triggers the release of enzymes Mucin: lubricates food and protects intestinal lining Enterokinase: activates trypsinogen Sucrase: breaks down sucrose Maltase: breaks down maltose Lactase: breaks down lactose Lipase: breaks down lipids
26
large intestine
Main function: The reabsorption of up to 20L per day Cellulose: Fiber contains cellulose which adds bulk which allows for healthy absorption of water and toxins and movement of feces Healthy bacteria is found which helps break down waste, produce vitamins, and helps produce antibodies, and detoxify chemicals
27
Respiration
Process in which 02 is supplied to the cells and co2 out of cells
28
Breathing
Bones and muscles are controlled by nerves which brings large volumes of o2 air into lungs and remove co2
29
Diffusion
Lungs provide a thin surface of tissue through which co2 and o2 can pass This is defined as gas exchange Oxygen and CO2 need water to diffuse through
30
Inspiration:
Intercostals (located between ribs) and diaphragm is required for inspiration The active process of inhaling air The intercostal muscles located between the ribs pull the ribcage up and outward The diaphragm contracts and flattens which increases space (goes down)
31
Expiration:
The passive process of exhaling air Intercostal muscles relax creating a dome shape and the ribcage goes down and in The diaphragm relaxes and curves upward which decreases space
32
nose
Contains hair and mucus that filters dust Sinuses warm and moisten the air
33
Trachea
windpipe that air goes down is held up by rings of cartilage
34
Bronchi
The trachea branches into 2 tubes called bronchus tubes
35
Bronchioles
Smaller tubes branching off the bronchus Cartilage is necessary to hold open the trachea, bronchus, and bronchioles
36
Lungs
Expandable organs in the chest cavity The site where gas exchange takes place
37
Pleural membrane
The membrane lining the ribcage and lungs The pleural space between the membrane contains fluids to reduce friction between the ribs and lungs This space also produces suction that pulls which helps to expand the lungs as the ribcage expands Prevents lungs from collapsing
38
Alveoli
Small moist sacs located at the end of each bronchiole They are round to maximize surface area This allows for the exchange of gasses They must be moist to allow the diffusion of gasses
39
Co2
When co2 enters the bloodstream it can form unstable carbonic acid which lowers blood ph This change in ph is monitored by chemoreceptors Most co2 is converted into bicarbonate
40
Oxygen
Hemoglobin is where majority of o2 is carried Which turns into oxyhemoglobin when bonded with iron
41
Location of chemoreceptors
Medulla oblongata: Sensitive to changes in ph rates Regulates breathing rates Carotid and aortic bodies Carotid bodies are located along side of the neck and are most sensitive to low o2 levels Aortic bodies are located on the main artery leading from the heart and are sensitive to low o2 levels, ph, and high co2 levels Both chemo receptors activate nerve messages to the medulla oblongata
42
Hyperventilation
This increases blood ph Increases blood oxygen levels The medulla reacts by restricting blood vessel size Breathing rates are lowered
43
All or nothing muscle response
All sarcome is completely contracted
44
muscle function
Muscles can only contract and cannot push
45
Antagonistic muscles
Muscles are usually arranged in pairs This allows for moment in more then one direction (push and pull)
46
Tendon
Collagen protein that joins muscle to bone
47
Ligaments
Collagen protein joining bone to bone
48
Sarcomere
The basic contractile unit of a muscle
49
Filament proteins
Thin actin- slides when a sarcomere contracts Thick myosin
50
Steps of a sarcomere contraction: (happens when we pick up something)
1. Myosin head is attached to actin 2. The myosin head flexes releasing stored energy and pulls the actin filament 3.The head releases and un flexes powered by atp 4. The myosin attaches to actin
51
Myofilaments
Individual actin and myosin proteins
52
Myofibril
Segments of sarcomeres joined from end to end
53
Muscle fiber
Bundles of myofibrils enclosed in muscle membrane
54
Tropomyosin
Long protein strand that prevent myosin heads from making contact with binding sites Must be moved away from binding sites so contraction can occur
55
Troponin
Proteins attached to tropomyosin which are the binding sites for calcium
56
Calcium
Calcium binds to troponin which exposes myosin binding sites The myosin heads bind to the now exposed myosin binding sites the head flexes and releases energy which pulls the actin
57
Types of muscles
Walls of blood vessels, digestive tract and other internal organs, is smooth, is long and tapered, they contract involuntary, and have one nucleus Cardiac muscle found in the heart, it involuntary contracts, it is tubular, one nucleus per cell Skeletal muscle, attached to the skeletal eyelids, voluntary contracts, tubular, many nuclei per cell
58
Atrophy
A reduction in size, power, and tone in the muscle
59
Hypertrophy
An increase in muscle mass
60
Muscle twitch
A single contraction of muscle tissue
61
3 periods of a muscle twitch
Latent period, contraction period, relaxation period
62
Tetanus
A condition that occurs when a muscle is continuously contracted and not allowed to relax
63
Fatigue
A condition when a muscle can no longer contract
64
Slow twitch fibers
Contracts slowly for greater endurance, jogging, long distance etc
65
Fast twitch fibers
Contracts quickly for rapid power generation, sprinting or weightlifting these fibers fatigue easily
66
breath holding
This decreases blood ph The medulla reacts by dilating blood vessel size The breathing rate is increased

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