Digestion_Organisation_Flashcards_Brainscape

Question 1

What are the levels of organisation in organisms?

Answer 1

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

Question 2

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 2

The process where a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

Question 3

Why do cells differentiate?

Answer 3

To become specialised and more efficient at performing a specific function.

Question 4

What is a specialised cell?

Answer 4

A cell that has a specific structure to carry out a particular function.

Question 5

Give three examples of specialised animal cells.

Answer 5

Sperm cell, muscle cell, motor neurone (nerve cell)

Question 6

How is a sperm cell specialised?

Answer 6

Has a tail for movement, mitochondria for energy, and acrosome to penetrate the egg.

Question 7

How is a muscle cell specialised?

Answer 7

Contains many mitochondria to release energy for contraction.

Question 8

How is a motor neurone specialised?

Answer 8

Long axon to carry impulses, dendrites to connect with other cells.

Question 9

Name three specialised plant cells.

Answer 9

Xylem, Phloem, Root hair cell

Question 10

How is a root hair cell specialised?

Answer 10

Long projection to increase surface area for water/mineral absorption.

Question 11

What is the function of xylem cells?

Answer 11

Transport water and minerals from roots to leaves.

Question 12

What is the function of phloem cells?

Answer 12

Transport sugars and food substances in plants.

Question 13

What is a tissue?

Answer 13

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a function.

Question 14

What is an organ?

Answer 14

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a function.

Question 15

What is an organ system?

Answer 15

A group of organs that work together to perform body functions.

Question 16

Give an example of a tissue and its function.

Answer 16

Muscle tissue contracts to bring about movement.

Question 17

Give an example of an organ and its tissues.

Answer 17

The stomach contains muscular, glandular, and epithelial tissue.

Question 18

What is the digestive system?

Answer 18

An organ system where food is broken down and nutrients absorbed.

Question 19

Name the organs involved in the digestive system.

Answer 19

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

Question 20

What is the function of enzymes?

Answer 20

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

Question 21

What type of molecule is an enzyme?

Answer 21

A large protein.

Question 22

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Answer 22

The area where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

Question 23

What is the ‘lock and key theory’?

Answer 23

A model where the substrate (key) fits into the enzyme’s active site (lock).

Question 24

What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?

Answer 24

Its shape changes due to heat or pH, so it no longer works.

Question 25

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Answer 25

Temperature and pH

Question 26

What are digestive enzymes?

Answer 26

Enzymes that break large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble ones.

Question 27

Where are digestive enzymes produced?

Answer 27

In glands and the lining of the gut.

Question 28

What does amylase do?

Answer 28

Breaks down starch into sugars (maltose).

Question 29

Where is amylase produced?

Answer 29

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine.

Question 30

What does protease do?

Answer 30

Breaks down proteins into amino acids.

Question 31

Where is protease produced?

Answer 31

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine.

Question 32

What does lipase do?

Answer 32

Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 33

Where is lipase produced?

Answer 33

Pancreas, small intestine.

Question 34

What is bile?

Answer 34

An alkaline liquid made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

Question 35

What does bile do in digestion?

Answer 35

Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat for enzyme action.

Question 36

Does bile contain enzymes?

Answer 36

No, bile does not digest fat

Question 37

How does emulsification help digestion?

Answer 37

Increases surface area for lipase to work faster.

Question 38

What is the optimum temperature and pH for most enzymes?

Answer 38

Around 37°C and specific to the enzyme (e.g. pH 2 for stomach enzymes).

Question 39

What is the role of the stomach in digestion?

Answer 39

Produces acid and protease to digest proteins.

Question 40

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 40

Produces amylase, lipase, and protease enzymes.

Question 41

What does the small intestine do?

Answer 41

Produces enzymes and absorbs nutrients.

Question 42

REQUIRED PRACTICAL: How do you test for sugar?

Answer 42

Add Benedict’s solution and heat

Question 43

REQUIRED PRACTICAL: How do you test for starch?

Answer 43

Add iodine solution

Question 44

REQUIRED PRACTICAL: How do you test for protein?

Answer 44

Add Biuret solution

Question 45

REQUIRED PRACTICAL: What is the method for testing enzyme pH?

Answer 45

Mix amylase and starch at different pHs, test every 30 sec with iodine to time digestion.

Question 46

What are independent, dependent, and control variables in the pH enzyme test?

Answer 46

Independent: pH, Dependent: time for starch digestion, Control: temp, volume, concentration.

Question 47

Why is a buffer solution used in enzyme practicals?

Answer 47

To keep the pH constant during the reaction.

Question 48

Why is enzyme shape important?

Answer 48

It determines whether the substrate fits into the active site.

Question 49

What happens if you boil Benedict’s for too long in a sugar test?

Answer 49

Starch may break into sugar, giving a false positive.

Question 50

What are the key words for the digestion unit?

Answer 50

Catalyst, active site, optimum, lock and key theory, denature, protease, lipase, carbohydrase, amylase, bile.