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Bio 224 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

what is digestion

A

process of mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into subunits small enough to be absorbed into body (nutrients)

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2
Q

nutrients

A

substances essential for growth and maintaining life

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3
Q

main functions of digestive system

A

breakdown, storage, absorption, elimination of undigested food

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4
Q

macro-nutrients

A

required in large amount
ex) fat, protein

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5
Q

micro-nutrients

A

required in small amount
ex) vitamins, trace elements

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6
Q

essential nutrients

A

cannot be synthesized by animal, must be acquired from food

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7
Q

how many essential amino acids are there (human)

A

9

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8
Q

how many essential fatty acids are there (human)

A

2

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9
Q

how many essential vitamins are there (human)

A

13

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10
Q

examples of fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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11
Q

examples of water soluble vitamins

A

B, C, folic acid

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12
Q

monosaccharide

A

absorbable unit
glucose, fructose, galactose

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13
Q

disaccharides

A

more commonly found in food
sucrose, lactose

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14
Q

polysaccharides

A

chains of interconnected monosaccharides
starch, glycogen

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15
Q

cellulose

A

most abundant organic molecule

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16
Q

protein composition

A

various combinations of amino acids held together with peptide bonds

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17
Q

bulk of dietary fat/lipid:

A

tryglyceride

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18
Q

what do triglycerides break down into

A

glycerol + fatty acids

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19
Q

what do nucleic acids break down into

A

nucleotides > nucleosides > ribose + N-base

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20
Q

calorie (cal)

A

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degrees Celsius

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21
Q

how are bonds broken in digestive system

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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22
Q

chemical reactions driven by specific enzymes

A

amylases, lipases, proteases, nucleases

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23
Q

intracellular digestion

A

cells take in food particles by endocytosis

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24
Q

extracellular digestion

A

takes place in digestive tract

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25
gastrovascular cavity
functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients
26
gastrovascular cavity vs tract
single opening vs separate mouth + anus
27
fluid feeders
ingest liquids containing organic molecules
28
suspension feeders
eat small particles of organic matter or small organisms suspended in fluids
29
deposit feeders
ingest small organic particles from solid matter that feeders live in or on
30
bulk feeders
consume large pieces of organisms or entire large organisms
31
tapeworms are ____ feeders
fluid > they have no digestive tract they absorb nutrients by diffusion across their skin
32
gizzard
primitive form of stomach that uses stones to grind the food
33
typhlosole
finger-like projections in intestines that increase surface area
34
steps of grasshopper digestion
foregut, midgut, hindgut
35
foregut components
mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, crop, gizzard
36
midgut
where chemical digestion takes place
37
hindgut components
anterior, ileum, middle colon, posterior rectum, anus
38
canal of bird digestive tract
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, gizzard, small intestine, large intestine
39
carnivore
digest animal product
40
herbivore
digest plant products
41
omnivore
digestive combination of plants and animals
42
carnivore digestive system
enlarged stomach, gastrointestinal tract is shorter, much smaller cecum
43
herbivore digestive system
long digestive tracts because it takes a long time to absorb nutrients from plant material large cecum which helps breakdown plant material and cellulose
44
monogastric
have simple single-chambered stomach such as humans, swine, rabbits, horses
45
ruminants
have a four-chambered complex stomach > cow, goat, sheep
46
glands in monogastrics
secrete gastric juices that contain HCl
47
what forces chyme into small intestine
stomach muscles
48
4 chambers of a ruminant
rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
49
rumen and reticulum
stores food with no secretion (mechanical breakdown)
50
omasum
absorbs water from food
51
abomasum
chemical digestion > acid + enzymes secreted
52
5 stages of GI tract digestion
mechanical processing secretion of enzymes & digestive aids enzymatic hydrolysis (food > molecular subunits) absorption elimination of undigested matter
53
Human GI tract pathway
mouth > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine
54
accessory digestive organs
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
55
4 layers of GI tract
mucosa > submucosa > muscularis > serosa ^innermost to outermost
56
mucosa
innermost layer of GI wall surrounding lumen secretes enzymes & hormones
57
submucosa
2nd innermost layer of GI tract binds mucosa to muscularis many nerves > enteric nervous system
58
muscularis
2nd outermost layer of GI tract skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
59
serosa
outermost layer of GI tract membrane of areolar connective tissue and simple epithelium
60
oral cavity
chamber that contains teeth & tongue, receives secretions from salivary glands
61
swallowing procedure
bolus is swallowed through pharynx and esophagus to stomach epiglottis blocks trachea
62
peristalsis
involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles of GI tract
63
peristaltic waves
coordinated contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles to move content from stomach to anus
64
chyme
mix of food, stomach acid & enzymes
65
gastric juices
contain HCl, gives stomach pH of 2, kills most bacteria in food
66
pepsin
begins digestion of proteins
67
gastric lipase
aids digestion of triglycerides
68
what does HCl in stomach do
does not digest food breaks down the connective tissue of meat and proteins
69
what protects stomach wall from HCl
mucus
70
duodenum
first 25 cm of small intestine
71
jejunum
second portion of small intestine
72
ileum
last portion of small intestine
73
ileocecal sphincter
connects small and large intestines
74
walls of small intestine
covered in projections called villi, which host thousands of microvilli
75
villi
located on walls of small intestine, contain blood and lymphatic capillaries
76
role of small intestine
completes digestion, absorption of nutrients
77
liver secretions
bile that emulsifies fats
78
gallbladder role
stores bile, which is eventually secreted in duodenum
79
chylomicrons
small droplets of triglycerides covered by a hydrophilic protein coat > taken up by lymph vessels and transferred into blood stream
80
hepatic portal vein
joined together capillaries and veins coming from small intestine
81
content of large intestine
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum
82
main function of large intestine
absorbing water and other ions
83
500 species of ____ live in intestines
bacteria

Bio 224 (6 decks)

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