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Digestive Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the PURPOSE OF DIGESTION

A

to break down nutrients or macromolecules (large, complex molecules) in the food we eat into smaller forms that our cells can use to maintain life

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2
Q

What are the 6 essential nutrients to stay healthy?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Water
  5. Vitamins
  6. Minerals
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3
Q

What are the 3 kinds of carbo “hydrates”?

A
  1. MONOSACCHARIDES
  2. DISACCHARIDES
  3. POLYSACCHARIDES
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4
Q

Carbohydrates composed of?

A
  • composed of C, H, and O in
  • 1:2:1 ratio
    • primary fuel source
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5
Q

What are monosaccharides? And 3 types included?

A
  • type of carbohydrate
    -simple sugar (C6H12O6)
    a) glucose → from animals and plants
    b) fructose → fruits and honey
    c) galactose → milk sugar
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6
Q

What are disaccharides? What are the 3 types included?

A
  • double sugar
  • made of 2 monosaccharides

a) sucrose = glucose + fructose
(table sugar)
b) maltose = glucose + glucose
(grain sugar)
c) lactose = glucose + galactose
(milk sugar)

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7
Q

What are polysaccharides? What are the 4 types included?

A
  • complex sugars
    -long-chained polymers used for energy storage
    -made of 100s - 1000s sugar monomers
    a) starch → stored in plant cells
    b) cellulose → stored in plant cell walls
    c) glycogen → stored in animal cells
    d) chitin → insect and crustacean exoskeletons
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8
Q

What are proteins?

A

found in muscle, bones, tendons, ligaments, teeth
• variety of functions
• e.g. antibodies → defense
• e.g. myosin → movement
• e.g. enzymes → control chemical reactions
• made of smaller sub-units called amino acids

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9
Q

What are amino acids?

A

-amino + acid + variable “R”
group
• link up in different
combinations to form different proteins
• sequence determined by genes on DNA
• chain of a/a polypeptide
-

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10
Q

How many amino acids are essential to include to the human diet?(cannot be made by human body)

A

9/20

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11
Q

How many amino acids are made by the human body?

A

11/20

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12
Q

What is bmr?

A

Basal metabolic rate

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13
Q

Food Energy Intake depends on factors

A
  1. Activity
  2. Body mass
  3. Metabolic rate
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14
Q

Energy formula

A

Mass x energy factor x time

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15
Q

What are lipids?

A

-concentrated source of energy storage
• insoluble in water
• aid in fat-soluble vitamin absorption
• insulate the body and protect

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of lipids?

A

Fats
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Steroids
Waxes

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17
Q

What are the two diff fats?

A
  1. Saturated
    - animal fats; solid at rm temp
    - difficult for body cells to breakdown
    (Should be limited in diet )
    Eg, beef,pork, cheese fats
    B) unsaturated
    -plant oils; liquids at rm. temp.
    • e.g. corn and olive oils
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18
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Main component of cell membranes

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19
Q

What are steroids?

A

• e.g. cholesterol
• e.g. sex hormones testosterone and estrogen

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20
Q

What are waxes?

A

firm yet pliable
• e.g. cutin → waterproof coating for leaves
• e.g. beeswax → to make honey comb

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21
Q

Waters functions

A

Makes up 2/3 human body mass
a)transports nutrients to cells
b transports wastes in urine and sweat)
c) lubricates tissues and joints
d) major component of blood and mucus
e) regulates body temperature

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22
Q

Vitamin job

A

organic molecules
• only small amounts needed to change food → energy
• some are fat soluble → stored in fat tissue (A, D, E, K)
• some are water soluble (B1, B2, C)

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23
Q

Mineral job

Study These Flashcards
A

inorganic nutrients/elements
• variety needed in diet
• excessive amounts may be harmful
• e.g. Ca, Fe, P, K, Na

24
Q

How does it work with digestion in complex organisms

Study These Flashcards
A
  • via alimentary canal, or “tube within a tube”
    • this tube or tract allows digestive processes to be separated into different regions
    • for example… bird human
25
Which digestive tract/tube is longer?
Herbivore! Because the cellulose walls in plant tissues are more difficult to digest than animal tissues, a longer digestive tract allows extra time for absorption of nutrients.
26
The 4 stages of food processing?
1. INGESTION-taking in or eating food 2. DIGESTION-breakdown of food physically and chemically by enzymes 3. ABSORPTION-of nutrients in small intestines 4. EGESTION— of undigested solid wastes
27
What are digestive enzymes?
- proteins that breakdown complex molecules • have optimum pH and temperature • in humans, optimum temp. is 37°C
28
Examples of digestive enzymes
a) pepsin in stomach has opt. pH 2-3 b) amylase in oral saliva has opt. pH 7 c) trypsin in small intestine has opt. pH 9-10
29
Name the digestive organs
How was it?
30
What does the mouth do?
• where digestion begins • food is chewed and formed into a bolus (Greek for "ball") by the tongue
31
Label the mouth
32
What does teeth do
-aid in physical digestion • decay when bacteria eat nutrients that are left behind
33
What do incisors do and how many
2 Cutting/bitting
34
What do canine(cuspid) do and how many
1 Tearing
35
What do premolars (bicuspids) do and how many
2 Grinding
36
What do molars do and how many
3 Crushing
37
What does saliva do?
begins chemical digestion • contains enzyme amylase → breaks down carbs/starch → sugar • lubricates food • dissolves food particles and activates taste buds • produced by 3 pairs of salivary glands
38
What does the pharynx do?
short tube shared by digestive and respiratory systems • passageway for food between mouth and esophagus • note function of epiglottis → flap of cartilage that seals off trachea to prevent food from entering airway when swallowing
39
What does the esophagus do?
• made of smooth muscle that contracts rhythmically • contraction is involuntary → peristalsis • pushes bolus and fluids into stomach...even if you stand on your head!
40
What does the stomach do?
"J"-shaped organ that churns and stores food • human capacity = 1 to 1.5 L • turns bolus into chyme → acidic, nutrient-rich liquid • site of early protein digestion • does NOT absorb nutrients (they are still too large) absorbs only water, glucose, salts, and alcohol through membrane into bloodstream
41
What are the 3 different cells lining the stomach?
1. PARIETAL 2. CHIEF 3. MUCUS
42
Parietal lining of the stomach
- secrete hydrochloric acid (HCI) • HCl destroys bacteria in food • HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin • recall pepsin → enzyme that digests proteins into amino acids
43
Chief stomach lining
secrete pepsinogen
44
Mucus stomach lining
secrete mucus to protect stomach lining (so no ulcers)
45
What are small intestines?
main function is to absorb nutrients • "small" means diameter, NOT length • approximately 7 m long in humans • shorter in carnivores, longer in herbivores
46
3 small intestines regions
1. duodenum = 0.3 m 2. jejunum = 2.7 m 3. ileum = 4 m
47
What are villi?
finger-like tubes in small intestines • lined by microvilli → increase surface area for faster absorption of nutrients • core of villus = lymph vessel (lacteal) → accesses blood system to distribute nutrients throughout body
48
What does the large intestines do?
- puckered/ridged rather than smooth - lack villi -approximately 1.5 m long
49
What are the 4 functions of the large intestine?
1. absorb water, minerals and vitamins 2. house E. coli bacteria that use waste to make vitamins 3. form feces 4. move feces for excretion
50
What are accessory organs?
- aid in digestion and are outside of the alimentary canal - secrete their contents into the canal via ducts Pancreas, liver, gallbladder
51
What are the 2 products of pancreas?
Pancreatic juice Insulin
52
What does the pancreatic juice do?
- released into duodenum via pancreatic duct (thus acting as exocrine gland) - basic, therefore neutralizes stomach acid - contains digestive enzymes... a) amylase (carbs → sugars) b) lipase lipids → fatty acids + glycerol) c) trypsin (proteins → amino acids)
53
What does insulin do?
- released directly into bloodstream (thus acting as endocrine gland) - for blood-glucose regulation
54
What are the four main functions of the liver?
1. makes cholesterol and then bile 2. converts glucose → glycogen (stored form) 3. detoxifies blood (removes toxins, e.g. alcohol) 4. breaks down hemoglobin from RBCs → brown feces
55
What does the gall bladder do?
stores bile when stomach is empty
56
What does bile do?
- greenish fluid that contains bile salts and cholesterol • bile salts break down fat into small droplets → emulsification (physical process, not a chemical process) • very large crystals of cholesterol → gall

Biology (4 decks)

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