Digestive 3

Question 1

Digestive System and its functions including stages

Answer 1

•	Ingestion
•	Digestion
•	Absorption
•	Defecation
	Digestive tract (alimentary canal)
	Gastrointestinal tract (GI)
	Accessory organs
•	Motility
o	Mixing and Propulsion
	Segmentation
	Peristalsis
	Migrating Motility Complex

Question 2

Digestive tract/Alimentary canal/Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)

Answer 2

Oral cavity→ Pharynx→ Esophagus→ Stomach→ Small intestine→ Large intestine

Question 3

Accessory organs

Answer 3

Salivary glands→ Liver and Gallbladder→ Pancreas

Question 4

Mucosa

Answer 4

Epithelium
Stratified squamous non-keratinized-Simple columnar with or without microvilli and goblet cells
Exocrine & Enteroendocrine cells

Lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
Blood & Lymph vessels
MALT

Solitary lymphatic nodules and aggregated lymphatic nodules

Question 5

Muscularis mucosae

Answer 5

(smooth muscle→ creates folds to increase surface area)

Question 6

Submucosa (areolar connective tissue)

Answer 6

Blood, Lymphatic vessels and glands

Submucosal nerve plexus

Question 7

Muscularis (mixing and propulsion of food)

Answer 7

Skeletal muscle (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal)

Smooth muscle

Myenteric nerve plexus

Question 8

Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

Answer 8

Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

Mesothelium (areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium)

Adventitia→ covers esophagus, which is just a simple layer of areolar connective tissue

Question 9

Muscles of Mastication and nerves that innervate them

Answer 9

Masseter & Temporalis (trigeminal)

Medial & Lateral Pterygoid (trigeminal)

Platysma & Digastric (facial)

Question 10

Salivary Glands

intrinsic and extrinsic locations

Answer 10

Intrinsic salivary glands
Lingual- tongue
Labial- inside lips
Buccal- inside cheeks

Extrinsic salivary glands Parotid- anterior to earlobe
Submandibular- medial mandible
Sublingual- floor of mouth

Question 11

Pharynx structures and tissue that surrounds it

Answer 11

• Nasopharynx (pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells)
• Oropharynx (stratified squamous non-keratinized)
• Laryngopharynx (stratified squamous non-keratinized)

Question 12

Esophagus is posterior to the ? and anterior to the ?

Answer 12

posterior to trachea

anterior to vertebral column

and 10 inches long

Question 13

Esophagus has two sphincters

Answer 13

• Upper esophageal sphincter

* Lower esophageal sphincter (gastroesophageal/cardiac)

Question 14

Esophagus starts and ends at?

Answer 14

• Laryngopharynx(C6)→ stomach(T10)

Question 15

Esophagus is made up of what kind of tissue

Answer 15

• Tissue (stratified squamous non-keratinized)

Question 16

Esophageal hiatus (hiatus hernia) is?

Answer 16

opening in diaphragm in which the esophagus and vagus nerve pass

Question 17

the stomach is located in the

Answer 17

• Left Upper Quadrant-J Shaped Organ

Question 18

what connects the esophagus to the stomach

Answer 18

• Gastroesophageal sphincter (cardiac)

Question 19

Lesser curvature is covered with the

Answer 19

Lesser omentum

Question 20

Greater Curvature is covered with the

Answer 20

greater omentum

Question 21

what type of epithelial issue is the stomach made up of

Answer 21

• (simple columnar with goblet cells)

Question 22

Main cause of stomach ulcers is

Answer 22

• (Helicobacter pylori—H. pylori bacteria)

Question 23

how long is the small intestine

Answer 23

• About 20 feet long- runs from pyloric sphincter → ileocecal valve

Question 24

the Duodenum contains the

Answer 24

Pyloric sphincter

Question 25

the ileum contains the

Answer 25

Ileocecal Valve

Question 26

circular folds on the small intestine are known as

Answer 26

plicae circulares

Question 27

Villi in the small intestine function as

Answer 27

the main structure for absorption

Question 28

epithelial tissue in the small intestine is

Answer 28

called Microvilli or the brush border

Question 29

The Lamina Propria in the small intestine contain

Answer 29

o MALT  Solitary lymphatic nodules  Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymphatic follicles)  Arteriole—Venule—Lacteal

Question 30

submucosa in the small intestine contain

Answer 30

Lymphatic tissue Duodenal glands (Brunner’s gland)

Question 31

how long is the large intestine

Answer 31

• About 5 feet long-runs from ileocecal valve→ anal canal

Question 32

where does the large intestine begin

Answer 32

starts at end of the ileum at the ileocecal valve at the Cecum

Question 33

the appendix is located

Answer 33

in the right lower quadrant

Question 34

the internal anal sphincter is what kind of muscle

Answer 34

smooth muscle

Question 35

the external anal sphincter is what kind of muscle

Answer 35

skeletal muscle, anus

Question 36

Food Pathway from start to finish

Answer 36

Oral cavity-Pharynx-Esophagus-Gastroesophgeal sphincter-Stomach-Pyloric sphincter-Duodenum (most digestion)-Jejunum (most absorption)-Ileum (most absorption)-Ileocecal valve-Cecum-Ascending colon-Right Hepatic flexure-Transverse colon-Left Splenic flexure-Descending colon-Sigmoid colon-Rectum-Anal canal

Question 37

round ligament of the liver is also known as the

Answer 37

(ligamentum teres→ umbilical vein)

Question 38

Porta hepatis of the liver is made up of

Answer 38

o Common hepatic duct o Hepatic artery o Hepatic portal vein

Question 39

the Falciform ligament is

Answer 39

peritoneal fold

Question 40

The gallbladder

Answer 40

storage site for bile

Question 41

Bile canaliculi flow of bile

Answer 41

Bile canaliculi → Bile ductules → Bile ducts (right & left hepatic ducts)

Question 42

Portal Triad is made up of

Answer 42

Bile duct Branch of hepatic artery Branch of hepatic portal vein

Question 43

Stellate Reticuloendothelial Cell (Kupffer cell) is

Answer 43

macrophage, involved in phagocytosis of RBCs

Question 44

Flow of Bile

Answer 44

Hepatocytes→ Bile Canaliculi→ Bile Ductules→ Right & Left Hepatic ducts-(feed into CHD) Common Hepatic ducts- (combines with Cystic) Cystic duct- (from gallbladder) Common Bile duct- (Cystic & CHD) Hepatopancreatic Ampulla→ Hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi—Bile & Pancreatic ducts, release into small intestine)

Question 45

the pancreas is located

Answer 45

underneath the stomach

Question 46

the pancreas has three parts called

Answer 46

Head, Body, Tail

Question 47

Endocrine cells of the pancreas are

Answer 47

Endocrine cells→ Pancreatic Islets Alpha→ Glucagon Beta→ Insulin Delta→ Somatostatin

Question 48

Exocrine cells of the pancreas are

Answer 48

Exocrine cells → Pancreatic Acini→ Pancreatic Juice Acinar cells→ amylase, lipase, proteases and nucleases Duct cells→ bicarbonate

Question 49

pancreatic duct joins the

Answer 49

bile duct st the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 50

Pancreatic duct only secrets

Answer 50

pancreatic juice