Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

214.101 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

GI tract consists of

A

1) Mouth
2) Pharynx
3) Oesophagus
4) Stomach
5) Small intestine
6) Large intestine
7) Anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Accessory structure consists of

A

1) Tongue
2) Salivary glands
3) Spleen
4) Pancreas
5) Liver
6) Gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Small intestine subdivisions are

A

1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Iluem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Large intestine subdivisions are

A

1) Cecum
2) Ascending
3) Transverse
4) Descending
5) Sigmoid
6) Rectum
7) Anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Process of ingestion

A

Selective intake of food and drink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Process of secretion

A

Secretion of water, HCL, salts, buffers, digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Process of propulsion

A

Moving food along the digestive tract form one part to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Digestion: Mechanical

A

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Digestion: Chemical

A 
Breakdown of food by digestive enzymes 
– Carbohydrates → Sugars
– Proteins → Amino acids 
– Fats → Fatty acids
– Nucleic acids → Nucleotides and acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Process of absorption

A

Uptake nutrients into digestive cells, blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Process of defacation

A

Elimination of undigested material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Basic structure of alimentary canal (from inside to out)

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis
4) Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mucosa functions

A
  • Secrete mucus/digestive enzymes/hormones
  • Absorb the end products of digestion to blood
  • Protect against infectious disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Submucosa functions

A

Regulates the movement of stomach/intestine/blood vessels vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscularis functions

A

Contraction moves food along the digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Serosa functions

A

Secretes serous fluid (Reduces friction as it moves over other organs in the abdominal cavity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peristalsis is

A
  • Propulsion of food along GI tract by circular muscle layers
  • Strongest in oesophagus & stomach
  • Weakest in small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Segmentation is

A

Alternating ring-like, evenly spaced / localised contractions in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mass peristalsis is

A
  • Progressive, strong & vigorous peristaltic waves

* Starts in the transverse colon propel colon contents into rectum/anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mouth

A
  • Ingestion (food in)
  • Chewing (mastication)
  • Saliva (mucous, amylase, lysozyme)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pharynx

A

Swallowing (deglutition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oesophagus

A

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stomach

A

1) Churning (mixing of food with gastric juices)
2) Secretions
• Hydrochloric Acid
• Pepsinogen
• Lipase
• Rennin
• Intrinsic Factor
• Mucus
• Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Liver functions

A

Produces and secretes bile
Excretion: Bilirubin
Processing: The liver detoxifies certain substances and excretes drugs into bile
Metabolises: Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Stores: Carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals
Phagocytosis: The Kupffer cells of the liver phagocytise aged red & white blood cells and some bacteria
Activation of vitamin D: Synthesises the active form of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gallbladder
Stores and concentrates bile
26
Pancreas types of glands
Endocrine glands | Exocrine glands
27
Pancreas: Endocrine
Release of hormones into bloodstream
28
Pancreas: Exocrine
Digestive enzymes through duct
29
Hydrochloric acid
Activates pepsin and lipase, kills bacteria
30
Pepsinogen
Inactive form of pepsin, breakdown protein
31
Lipase
Breakdown fat
32
Rennin
Curdles milk
33
Intrinsic Factor
Absorption of B12 by small intestine
34
Mucus
Protects stomach lining
35
Hormones
Regulates HCl secretion and gastric mobility
36
Pancreatic juice consists of
* H2O * Sodium bicarbonate –Neutralises stomach’s acidic chyme * Lipase –Breakdown lipids into fatty acids & glycerol * Amylase - CHO (polysaccharides, disaccharide maltose) * Trypsin, chymotrypsin & carboxypeptidase  Proteins (polypeptides) broken down into short chain amino acids * RNA & DNA digestive enzymes  Nucleases
37
Small intestine functions
Goblet secretes mucous Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones Paneth’s cells secrete lysozymes Peyer’s patches are aggregated lymphoid follicles at end of small intestine
38
Small intestine structural modifications for absorption
1) Circular folds 2) Villi 3) Microvilli
39
Circular folds
Permanent folds (~1 cm deep) that force chyme to slowly spiral through lumen, allowing more time for nutrient absorption
40
Villi
Fingerlike projections of mucosa (~1 mm high) with a core that contains dense capillary bed and lymphatic capillary called a lacteal for absorption
41
Microvilli
Cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give fuzzy appearance called the brush border that contains membrane-bound enzymes brush border enzymes, used for final carbohydrate and protein digestion
42
Small intestine digestion: Carbohydrates (conversion into simple sugars)
Disaccharide + Enzyme = Monosaccharides 1) Maltose + Maltase = Glucose + Glucose 2) Sucrose + Sucrase = Glucose + Fructose 3) Lactose + Lactase = Galactose + Glucose
43
Small intestine digestion : Protein peptides
Pancreatic protease becomes single amino acids
44
Small intestine digestion: Fat
Secretions from pancreas and liver
45
Salivary amylase
* Turns starch into oligosaccharides | * Stops working is pH less then 4.5
46
Important brush border enzymes
* Dextrinase & Glucoamylase - act upon oligosaccharides with more than 3 simple sugars * Maltase, Sucrase & Lactase
47
Small intestine absorption: Carbohydrates
Because glucose are too large to enter transportation into plasma membrane of a cells occurs through • Facilitated Diffusion • Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter (SGLT-1) Sodium flow down their gradient into the cell, providing the energy to transport glucose into the cell against its gradient
48
Small intestine absorption: Proteins
Facilitated diffusion Glucose hitches a ride with sodium Sodium allows absorption of carbohydrates
49
Bile salts used for
Emulsification and absorption of lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and lipoproteins in the small intestine
50
Large intestine functions
* Reabsorb H2O & electrolytes from indigestible food materials * Absorbs Vitamin K & B from enteric bacteria (relating to intestine) * Eliminate undigested residues
51
Mesentery of small intestine
Holds many blood vessels
52
Mesocolon
Anchors the colon to the back body wall
53
Defecation
1) Mass peristaltic waves push faecal material from the sigmoid colon into the rectum 2) Rectum involuntary contractions push the faeces downward 3) Filling of the rectum stimulates stretch receptors 4) Involuntary internal sphincter 5) Voluntary external sphincter
54
Liver consists of
Four lobes with thousands of lobules (functional unit)
55
Liver blood supply
* Oxygenated via hepatic artery | * Venous via hepatic portal vein
56
Sinusoids are
Vascular channels allowing exchange between blood & hepatocytes
57
Blood exits each lobule
By small veins which combine to carry blood AWAY from the liver via the hepatic vein
58
Bile leaves liver
1) Produced in hepatocytes then drains into canaliculi 2) Exits the lobules via bile ducts 3) Exits the liver via the hepatic duct 4) Enters the duodenum via the common bile duct
59
Glucose ingestion in liver causes
Stimulating insulin causing glycogenesis (synthesis of glycogen)
60
Low glucose levels causes
Glycogenolysis in the liver (conversion from glycogen to glucose)
61
Low glycogen stores
* Body uses fats and proteins for energy | * Gluconeogenesis occurs (glucose made from triglycerides, lactic acid & certain amino acids)
62
Liver metabolism: Fat
* Triglycerides broken down into fatty acids and glycerol for energy (lipolysis) * If not need recombined into triglycerides through lipogenesis
63
Liver metabolism: Protein
* Proteins broken down into amino acids * Amino acids made of two groups: carbon and amine * Transamination is transfer of amine group to transfer amino acid * 20 amino acids with 10 are essential and the other 10 can be formed from the essential ones
64
Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates
``` Starch and disaccharides Mouth: Salivary amylase Small intestine: Pancreatic amylase --> Oligosaccharides and disaccharides Small intestine: Brush border enzymes 1) Maltose + Maltase = Glucose + Glucose 2) Sucrose + Sucrase = Glucose + Fructose 3) Lactose + Lactase = Galactose + Glucose ```
65
Digestion and absorption: Proteins
``` Proteins Stomach: Pepsin in HCL --> Large polypeptides Small intestine: Pancreatic enzymes --> Small polypeptides, small peptides Small intestine: Brush border enzymes --> Amino acids ```
66
Digestion and absorption: Fats
``` Unemulsified triglycerides Mouth: Lingual lipase Stomach: Gastric lipase Small intestine: Emulsification by bile Small intestine: Pancreatic lipase --> Monoglycerides and fatty acids ```
67
Digestion and absorption: Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids Small intestine: Pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease Small intestine: Brush border enzymes --> Pentose sugars, N-containing bases, phosphates ions

214.101 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions