Digestive Glands-1-8-16

Question 1

A ___ secretory mechanism is defined by secretion of the whole cell

Answer 1

Holocrine

Question 2

A ____ secretory mechanism is defined by gland releasing its products together with a small amount of the apical cytoplasm of the secretory cell

Answer 2

Apocrine

Question 3

List the correct sequence of features in a compound gland

Answer 3

Acinus –> Intercalated duct –> Striated duct –> Intralobular duct –> Interlobular duct –> Lobar duct –> Main duct

Question 4

What are the components of the lobule in a compound gland?

Answer 4

Acinus –> Intercalated duct –> Striated duct –> Intralobular duct

Question 5

What are the major salivary glands?

Answer 5

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

Question 6

Which salivary gland produces the majority (70%) of saliva?

Answer 6

Submandibular

Question 7

The production of saliva is under the control of the ___ nervous systems

Answer 7

Autonomic

Question 8

Plasma cells in the parotid gland secrete ___ which binds to the secretory piece inserted in the plasma membrane of acinar, intercalated, and striated epithelial cells

Answer 8

IgA

Question 9

What are the protective functions of saliva?

Answer 9

• Lysozyme-attacks walls of bacteria
• Lactoferrin-chelates Fe necessary for bacterial growth
• IgA-neutralizes bacteria and viruses

Question 10

What are the digestive functions of saliva?

Answer 10

• Amylase-initiates the digestion of carbs in the oral cavity
• Lingual lipase-participates in the hydrolysis of dietary lipids

Question 11

This salivary gland is exclusively serous acini:

Answer 11

Parotid

Question 12

This salivary gland is mixed serous and mucus and has serous demilunes; Pure mucus acini are rare

Answer 12

Submandibular

Question 13

This salivary gland is mixed serous and mucus and the mucus acini predominate

Answer 13

Sublingual

Question 14

What are the enzymes and functions of the parotid gland secretions?

Answer 14

Enzymes: Amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme

Functions: Antimicrobial proteins including Proline-rich proteins, histatinsm, cystatins, and statherin have imporant implications for bacterial clearance, selective bacterial aggregation on the tooth surface, and control of mineralization and demineralization

Question 15

This gland is the primary target of the rabies and mumps virus

Answer 15

Parotid

Question 16

What are 2 complications of mumps?

Answer 16

Orchitis and meningitis

Question 17

This gland is the most frequent site for slow-growing benign salivary gland tumors. Surgical removal is complicated by the need to protect the Facial nerve (CN VII)

Answer 17

Parotid

Question 18

This salivary gland has mucous cells that secrete mucin which aids in the lubrication of the food bolus as it travels through the esopohagus. The serous cells of this gland produce salivary amylase.

Answer 18

Submandibular

Question 19

This gland is a branched tubuloalveolar gland with both serous and mucous cells. Most secretory units are mucous.

Answer 19

Sublingual

Question 20

What is the endocrine component and function of the pancreas?

Answer 20

Islets of langerhands-Regulation of glucose metabolism by hormones secreted into the bloodstream

Question 21

THe functional histological unit of the exocrine pancreas is the ___

Answer 21

Acinus

Question 22

The exocrine pancreas lacks ___ ducts and ___ cells

Answer 22

Striated

Myoepithelial

Question 23

This exocrine pancreas cell is recognized by its location in the center of the pancreatic acinus and by its pale cytoplasm:

Answer 23

Centroacinar cell

Question 24

This endocrine component of the pancreas is surrounded by serous acini

Answer 24

Islet of langerhans

Question 25

This component of the exocrine pancreas is the continuation into the connective tissue stroma of the centroacinar cells

Answer 25

Intercalated duct

Question 26

This part of the exocrine pancreas is present at the apical portion of the pancreatic acinar cell

Answer 26

Zymogen granules

Question 27

These spindle-shaped cells of the pancreas secrete aq. HCO3 under stimulation of secretin and can also secrete mucin

Answer 27

Centroacinar cells

Question 28

___, produced in enteroendocrine cells of duodenal mucosa, binds to specific receptors of acinar cells and stimulates release of zymogen

Answer 28

CCK

Question 29

Amylase gene expression is regulated by this hormone

Answer 29

Insulin

Question 30

The clinical features of acute pancreatitis are severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting and rapid elevation of these serum enzymes (within 24-72 hrs):

Answer 30

Amylase and lipase

Question 31

What type of epithelium is the hepatic a.? What type of epithelium is the bile duct? What type of epithelium is the portal v.?

Answer 31

- Simple squamous - Simple cuboidal - Simple squamous

Question 32

The structural and functional unit of the liver is the ___

Answer 32

Hepatic lobule

Question 33

This part of the hepatic lobule collects sinusoidal blood containing a mixture of blood supplied by branches of portal vein and hepatic artery

Answer 33

Central venule (or vein)

Question 34

___ convey blood into the liver and bile out of the liver ___ drains blood from the liver ___ synthesizes bile, metabolizes nutrients and toxic material in the blood

Answer 34

Portal triads Hepatic venule Hepatocytes

Question 35

This organizational unit within the liver is a hexagonal lobule surrounding a central vein and has portal triads at the angles

Answer 35

Classic hepatic lobule

Question 36

This organization unit within the liver has a triangular arrangement with the center of the triangle possessing the bile duct collecting from 3 hepatic lobules. The angle of the triangle are the central veins of the 3 hepatic lobules

Answer 36

Portal lobule

Question 37

This organizational unit within the liver is based on the oxygen gradient of venous sinusoids of adjacent lobules. It is divided into 3 zones based on the blood supply to the hepatocytes from the branch of the hepatic artery

Answer 37

Liver acinus

Question 38

In regards to the portal triad and central venule, which way does blood flow? Which way does bile flow?

Answer 38

Blood flows from portal triad --> central venule Bile flows from central venule --> portal triad

Question 39

This part of the liver lobule receives O2-rich blood from the hepatic a. And nutrients from the intestines via the portal vein and sends it to the central canal (blood flow out of the liver)

Answer 39

Hepatic sinusoids

Question 40

These liver cell types can be found within the sinusoids and are involved in the recycling of old RBCs

Answer 40

Kupffer cells

Question 41

What type of endothelium lines the liver sinusoids?

Answer 41

Fenestrated and lacks a continuous basement membrane (discontinuous capillaries)

Question 42

The space between the fenestrated endothelium and the cord of hepatocytes is known as the:

Answer 42

Space of Disse

Question 43

These liver cells are stellate cells of the liver, located at intervals within the space of Disse

Answer 43

Ito cells

Question 44

These liver cells function as storage sites for fat and vitamin A

Answer 44

Ito cells

Question 45

These are the functional endocrine and exocrine cells of the liver:

Answer 45

Hepatocytes

Question 46

The ____ domain of hepatocytes participates in absorption of blood-borne substances (bilirubin, peptide and steroid hormones, B12) and the secretion of plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, coagulation factors, C proteins)

Answer 46

Basolateral

Question 47

What are functions of Smooth ER in hepatocytes?

Answer 47

Synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts Glucuronide conjugation of bilirubin, steroids, and drugs Breakdown of glycogen into glucose Detox of lipid-soluble drugs

Question 48

The Rough ER and Golgi of hepatocytes do what?

Answer 48

Participate in the synthesis and glycosylation of secretory proteins

Question 49

What do peroxisomes of hepatocytes do?

Answer 49

Generate hydrogen peroxidase

Question 50

____ is the end product of heme catabolism

Answer 50

Bilirubin

Question 51

These cells convert heme into biliverdin

Answer 51

Macrophages

Question 52

What are the main functions of the gall bladder?

Answer 52

Storage, concentration ,and release of bile

Question 53

The smooth muscle of the gall bladder contracts to force bile out of the bladder and into the intestine by ____

Answer 53

CCK

Question 54

A ___ secretory mechanism is defined by exocytosis

Answer 54

Merocrine