Digestive Glands

Question 1

Label A

Answer 1

interlobular duct

Question 2

Label B

Answer 2

pancreatic lobule

Question 3

Label C

Answer 3

pancreatic islet

Question 4

Label D

Answer 4

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 5

Label A

Answer 5

intercalated duct

Question 6

Label B

Answer 6

pancreatic serous acinar unit

Question 7

Label C

Answer 7

pancreatic serous cells

Question 8

Label D

Answer 8

centroacinar cells

Question 9

Label A

Answer 9

intralobular duct

Question 10

Label B

Answer 10

intercalated duct

Question 11

Label A

Answer 11

intercalated ducts

Question 12

Label B

Answer 12

centroacinar cells

Question 13

Label C

Answer 13

lobule

Question 14

Label D

Answer 14

intralobular duct

Question 15

Label A

Answer 15

interlobular duct

Question 16

Label A

Answer 16

interlobular duct

Question 17

Label B

Answer 17

collapsed lumen

Question 18

Label C

Answer 18

smooth muscle

Question 19

Label D

Answer 19

pancreatic lobule

Question 20

Answer 20

pancreatic islet

Question 21

Label A

Answer 21

centroacinar duct cell

Question 22

Label B

Answer 22

pancreatic islet

Question 23

Label C

Answer 23

pancreatic serous acinar

Question 24

Label A

Answer 24

classic liver lobule

Question 25

Label B

Answer 25

portal area

Question 26

Label C

Answer 26

bile duct

Question 27

Label D

Answer 27

hepatic artery

Question 28

Label E

Answer 28

Branch of portal vein

Question 29

Label A

Answer 29

portal venule (br. of portal vein)

Question 30

Label B

Answer 30

bile duct

Question 31

Label C

Answer 31

hepatic arteriole

Question 32

Label E

Answer 32

central vein/terminal hepative venule

Question 33

Label A

Answer 33

portal area

Question 34

Label B

Answer 34

periportal area

Question 35

Label C

Answer 35

centrilobular area

Question 36

What does the black arrow signify?

Answer 36

path of nutrient and oxygen flow from the periportal area to the centrilobular area

Question 37

In general terms distinguish between the mechanisms of secretion for endocrine and exocrine glands.

Answer 37

Endocrine glands: produce hormones that influence blood sugar and glucose metabolism via blood fenestrated capillaries Excrine: digestive enzymes, bicarbonate synthesized by serous acinar cells into intercalated ducts (centroacinar cell is beginning) to main pancreatic duct to 2nd part of duodenum

Question 38

Be able to list the types of functional (parenchymal ) cells for the pancreas– hint functional (parenchymal) cells will include those that either secrete or transport products

Answer 38

Exocrine: secretory acinar units (groups of serous cells that synthesize inactive enzymes stored in secretory granules in apex of cell), excretory ducts (intercalated duct with centroacinar cells, intralobular duct, interlobular duct, main pancreatic duct) Endocrine: pancreatic islets (Islet of Langerhans)

Question 39

Compare the ducts and cells from what is found in the pancreas-- List the key histological features that may be used to distinguish the pancreas, from the salivary glands

Question 40

Describe the exocrine and endocrine function of the pancreas. Give the histological features of the cells involved in the exocrine function. List the secretory products that are released. What is the mechanism controlling the release of digestiveenzymes. What is name of the duct cells that function to protect the pancreas from digestive enzymes. What do these duct cells secrete?

Question 41

What hormones regulate the activity pancreatic serous acinar cell. Where in the digestive tract are these hormones synthesized.

Question 42

Explain the functional role of the pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine.

Question 43

Predict the physiological outcome of a failure to synthesize or secrete digestive enzymes. What can happen to the pancreas if there is a blockage that prevents the release of enzymes.

Question 44

What is the name of the structure in the pancreas where the cells that are responsible for endocrine function are located?

Question 45

In general, what is the functional role of the hormones released from alpha and beta cells. What controls the hormone secretion of alpha and beta cells. Predict what will happen if there is damage to beta cells of pancreas.

Question 46

What cells bind insulin and how do these cells store glucose in cell?

Question 47

What is the possible impact of hyperglycemia ( high blood sugar) on chronic inflammation. How does inflammation impact salivary gland function and the oral periodontium (periodontium is the supportive structures of the tooth – PDL, gingiva, alveolar bone)

Question 48

What is the functional role of intercalated duct cells in the pancreas and how is this function different than the salivary glands (hint- do salivary intercalated duct cells secrete or modify saliva as it passes through the duct?)

Question 49

What hormone regulates pancreatic intercalated duct activity and where is this hormone synthesized?

Question 50

Describe the blood supply to the liver. Give a brief overview of the circulatory pathway. (i.e. hepatic artery/portal vein branch into...etc.)

Question 51

What is the name(s) of the vessel in the centrilobular region. What are the names of the two vessels in the periportal area and which of these vessels contributes most of the blood to the liver ---why is this functionally important – hint: think of what is carried in the blood for this vessel

Question 52

What is name of the structure that permits the passage of blood from periportal area to the centrilobular area. Based on histology, what is the type of vessel?

Question 53

What zone of the liver receives nutrients and oxygen first? Which zone is most susceptible to hypoxia ? What about damage from excess dosage of drugs and why? Where would the greatest glycogen stores belocated after feeding. Can you demonstrate the location of the zones if asked for lab

Question 54

What are the various endocrine and exocrine functions of the liver cell; what are the principal storage products (see liver function chart)

Question 55

Explain how damage to the liver, or small intestine and/or stomach mucosa could cause anemia. Hint: think about the function of each

Question 56

How could damage to the liver lead to soft bones (osteomalacia) – hint: think about calcium and vitamin D absorption

Question 57

Predict what might happen to RBC formation and blood clotting, as result of damage to hepatocytes and associated liver disease. Why does might this be the outcome? Hint: what does the liver store and what vitamins are needed for RBC synthesis.

Question 58

In general, what vitamin is required for synthesis of blood clotting plasma proteins.

Question 59

Predict what might cause bilirubin levels to become elevated. What might be the outcome if bile synthesis and conjugation can’t occur in the hepatocyte. What will happen if there is an increase is RBC destruction

Question 60

Describe the type of epithelium of the interlobular bile ductule --Where is this ductule located

Question 61

What happens if the bile duct is blocked and where will bile stasis occur (bile stasis =cholestasis –lack of bile flow) hint: accumulation of bile will occur in area closest to site of blockage

Question 62

What is the path of bile flow starting inthe liver. Predict what might cause blockage in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts.

Question 63

Describe the histology of the gallbladder – what layers are absent – what is its function. What hormone stimulatesthe lease of bile from the gallbladder

Question 64

List the key histological features that may be used to distinguish between the gallbladder and regions of the small intestine?

Question 65

What is a common function to both gallbladderand colon? As a result of this function what structural feature is common to both colon and gallbladder