Digestive Glands and Endocrine System Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
2 types of salivary glands are?
A
accessory and main/major salivary glands
2
Q
4 types of accessory salivary glands are?
A
labial, lingual, buccal, palatine
3
Q
3 types of main salivary glands are?
A
parotid, submandibular, sublingual (3 pairs of glands)
4
Q
saliva contains water, some ___, ___, salts and some enzymes, e.g. ___ which splits starch, and ___ (IgA)
A
protein, mucin, Ptyalin, immunoglobulin
5
Q
general structure of major salivary glands
A
compound tubulo-alveolar, exocrine glands
6
Q
stroma and parenchyma make up the basic structure of ___ salivary glands
A
major
7
Q
fibrous framework containing the supplying vessels and nerves is?
A
stroma
8
Q
3 parts of the stroma are?
A
capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers
9
Q
capsule of stroma composed of ___ CT
A
dense
10
Q
what divides the (salivary) gland into lobes and lobules?
A
trabeculae
11
Q
what supports the parenchymal components of the salivary glands?
A
reticular fibers
12
Q
cellular component of salivary glands is?
A
parenchyme
13
Q
3 types of acini are?
A
serous, mucous, mixed
14
Q
acini are ___ units
A
secretory
15
Q
which type of acini are rounded in cross-section with narrow lumen? cells are pyramidal with rounded nuclei and granular cytoplasm. secrete a watery albuminous secretion.
A
serous acini
16
Q
which type of acini are larger oval structures with wider lumina than serous acini? cells have flat peripheral nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm. secrete mucus.
A
mucous acini
17
Q
which type of acini are mucous acini with a group of serous cells in the form of a demilune?
A
mixed acini
18
Q
serous ___ overlie the acinar cells under cover of basement membrane. the secretion of the serous cells reach lumen of acinus via ___ ___ b/t mucous cells.
A
demilunes; intercellular canaliculi
19
Q
parenchyma composed of ___ and ___
A
acini; ducts
20
Q
the secretion of acini is collected by a system of __
A
ducts
21
Q
4 types of ducts are?
A
intralobular; interlobular; interlobar; main
22
Q
lying inside lobules and b/t acini. start as narrow ducts draining acini called intercalated ducts lined with simple squamous cells. these unite to form larger ducts called secretory striated ducts lined by simple cuboidal epithelium.
A
intralobular ducts
23
Q
lying in CT trabeculae b/t lobules and result from union of several striated ducts. wider and lined with simple columnar epithelium.
A
interlobular ducts
24
Q
larger ducts running b/t lobes and result from union of several interlobular ducts. lined with pseudo stratified epithelium.
A
interlobar ducts
25
result from union of several interlobar ducts. open into oral cavity and are lined with stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
main ducts
26
branching cells found in relation to acini and ducts. more numerous in association with mucous and mixed acini than with serous acini. help squeeze secretions out of acini and propagation along the ducts
myoepithelial/basket cells
27
has thick capsule and trabeculae containing many fat cells. acini are 100% serous and intercalated ducts are long.
parotid gland
28
has thick capsule and trabeculae with many fat cells, but less than parotid. acini are 80% serous and 20% mucous and mixed. intercalated ducts are short.
submandibular gland
29
has thin capsule and trabeculae. most of its acini (99%) are mucous and mixed, serous acini are rare (1%). intercalated ducts are practically absent.
sublingual gland
30
pancreas has an ___ and ___ portion
exocrine; endocrine
31
a compound tubuloalveolar gland, as well as a mixed exo-endocrine gland
pancreas
32
secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes. similar in structure to salivary glands. capsule and trabeculae are very thin. the pancreatic acini are 100% serous.
exocrine portion of the pancreas
33
re: exocrine portion of pancreas
the ___ ducts start from within the acini and appear lining their lumina as ___-___ cells. those ducts are narrow and lined with simple ___ cells. they are equivalent to intercalated ducts of salivary glands. there are no ___ ducts in the pancreas. ___ ducts are lined with cuboidal to short columnar cells. ___ ducts are lined with tall simple columnar cells. the ___ ___ duct opening into the duodenum is lined by simple columnar with some goblet cells.
intralobular; centro-acinar; squamous; striated; interlobular; interlobar; main pancreatic
34
appears as round to oval pale staining areas within darkly stained acini. these areas are called Islets of Langerhans
endocrine portion of the pancreas
35
re: endocrine portion of pancreas
cells of the ___ are arranged in irregular branching cords separated by blood capillaries and supported by reticular fibers. by special staining, various types of cells could be identified. what are these 4 types of cells?
Islets; A (alpha); B (beta); "C" cells; "D" cells
36
glucagon acts to ___ blood glucose level
elevate
37
large cells with granular cytoplasm and form about 20% of Islet cells. secrete glucagon hormone which acts to elevate blood glucose level.
"A"/ Alpha cells
38
small cells with granular cytoplasm forming about 75% of Islet cells. secrete hormone insulin which acts to reduce blood glucose level
"B"/ Beta cells
39
few cells with few or no granules in cytoplasm. some believe it may be a reserve cell for "A" and "B" cells.
"C" cells
40
few cells with cytoplasmic granules which secrete a hormone called somatostatin. this is produced locally and is said to cause inhibition of surrounding endocrine cells.
"D" cells
41
which hormone is produced locally and causes inhibition of surrounding endocrine cells?
somatostatin
42
considered as a compound tubular gland. also a mixed exo-endocrine gland, in which both types of secretions are produced by same type of cells, in contrast to pancreas. exocrine secretion is bile and endocrine secretions include plasma proteins, fibrinogen, and prothrombin.
liver
43
being an abdominal organ, the liver is generally covered by ___. in the inferior surface there is a ___ ___ called porta hepatis, through which pass the ___ vein, the ___ artery, and the R and L ___ ducts (___ ducts).
peritoneum; transverse fissure; portal; hepatic; hepatic; bile
44
the liver is covered by a capsule of CT under its visceral peritoneum called ___ capsule. the capsule thickens at the ___ ___ and around the vessels in this region.
Glisson's; porta hepatis; trabeculae; hepatic; hepatic; central; absent; lobulation
45
running inside various trabeculae are the branches and tributaries of ___ vein, ___ artery, and ___ duct and an occasional ___ vessel. the first 3 vessels are in constant association with each other and constitute the ___ ___.
portal; hepatic; bile; lymphatic; portal triad; portal areas; largest; thickest; simple; cuboidal; columnar; sublobular; hepatic
46
the parenchyma of hepatic lobules is made up of which 4 structures? they are all supported by networks of ___ fibers
central venules; liver cells/hepatocytes; bile canaliculi; hepatic sinusoids; reticular
47
venules located at or near the center of each hepatic lobule. drain all hepatic sinusoids of the lobule
central venules
48
under LM, appear arranged as branching cords radiating from central venule and separated by hepatic sinusoids.
liver cells/hepatocytes
49
re: liver cells
cells appear ___ and some may be ___. cytoplasm present all types of organelles and contain ___ as the main cellular inclusion.
in a 3-dimensional reconstruction, liver cells appear to be arranged as ___ branching plates made of at least ___ rows of cells. the plates are separated by hepatic ___ and the cells in the plates present fine channels running b/t them called ___ ___.
polyhedral; binucleated; glycogen; curved; 2; sinusoids; bile canaliculi
50
venous sinusoids running b/t plates of liver cells. lined with endothelial cells and branching phagocytic cells called Von Kupffer's cells.
hepatic sinusoids
51
fine channels b/t adjacent liver cells where their cell membranes recede from each other. cells are attached by cellular junctions.
bile canaliculi
52
the canaliculi are the sites where bile secreted by liver cells is ___. at the periphery of the lobule, the bile of the canaliculi is transported to the small ___ ducts of adjacent portal areas by short thin-walled ducts lined by simple ___ epithelium called ___ ___.
discharged; bile; squamous; Herring's ductules
53
liver receives blood from ___ artery and ___ vein at porta hepatis. branches of these vessels run in the portal areas until they reach the outer boundary of the hepatic ___ where they pour their blood into the hepatic ___. sinusoids then drain into ___ ___, which in turn drain into ___ veins.
sublobular veins unite to form larger veins that ultimately form the ___ veins which exit the liver to drain into the ___ ___ ___.
hepatic; portal; lobules; sinusoids; central venules; sublobular; hepatic; inferior vena cava
54
a muscular sac which concentrates and stores bile, what is it? its wall is made up from within outward by which 3 structures?
gall bladder; mucosa; musculosa; adventitia
55
mucous membrane layer is highly folded and has a surface layer made up of simple columnar epithelium. the epithelium rests on a CT lamina propria which contain mucous secreting glands at the neck of the gall bladder. which layer is this?
mucosa of gallbladder
56
muscle layer is made up of smooth muscle that runs mostly circular or oblique. which layer is this?
musculosa of GB
57
outer fibrous layer containing vessels and nerves. it has a peritoneal covering over certain parts. which layer is this?
adventitia
58
serous membrane lining abdominal walls (parietal layer) and investing partially or completely some abdominal organs (visceral layer). what is this called?
peritoneum
59
peritoneum is made up of a surface layer of simple ___ epithelium called the ___, and an underlying layer of ___ ___ which attaches the mesothelium to ___ walls and ___ surfaces of abdominal organs.
squamous; mesothelium; connective tissue; abdominal; outer
60
endocrine system includes all endocrine tissue in which secretions are discharged directly into ___.
blood
61
endocrine system occurs in which 2 forms?
unorganized and organized endocrine tissue
62
this tissue occurs as cells or groups of cells forming part of some organs. what is it?
unorganized endocrine tissue
63
5 examples of unorganized endocrine tissue are?
Islets of Langerhans; interstitial cells of testis; corpus luteum of ovary; endocrine cells of GIT (enterochromaffin); endocrine cells of placenta
64
this tissue is in the form of organs called endocrine glands. which tissue is it?
organized endocrine tissue
65
5 examples of organized endocrine tissue are?
pituitary; thyroid; parathyroid; suprarenal; pineal body
66
the thyroid gland is located in the neck over the ___ and upper part of the ___. it is made up of 2 lobes connected by an ___.
larynx; trachea; isthmus
67
larynx; trachea; isthmus
stroma; parenchyma
68
re: thyroid gland
the CT framework containing the supplying vessels and nerves is?
stroma
69
the pineal gland is known as the ___ ___. it was found that the gland contains ___ compounds, namely, ___ (the sleep hormone) which is made up from the neurotransmitter ___. it has been suggested that the pineal has some influence over ___ development. pineal tumors in children appear to delay ___. melatonin bleaches ___ from their pigment, an effect opposite to ___ ___ hormone
biological clock; 2; melatonin; serotonin; gonadal; puberty; melanophores; melanocyte stimulating
70
cells of pineal body are separated by ___ capillaries
fenestrated
71
acting as supporting elements (pineal)
neuroglia
72
irregular processes that terminate in bulbous endings (pineal)
pinealocytes
73
what divides the stroma of pineal body into lobules?
trabeculae
74
stroma of pineal body made up of which 2 components?
capsule and trabeculae
75
parenchyma of pineal body made up of which 2 types of cells?
pinealocytes & neuroglia cells
76
stroma of pineal body consists of a ___ framework containing supplying ___ and ___.
fibrous; vessels; nerves
77
pineal body consists of which 2 components?
stroma and parenchyma
78
pineal body also known as?
epiphysis cerebri
79
this is a cone-shaped body attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle and is covered by pia mater.
pineal body
80
this hormone has an antidiuretic effect with reduction of urine production by increasing re-absorption of fluids at kidney tubules. it also causes vasoconstriction and elevation of blood pressure. its deficiency causes diabetes insipidus. (pituitary)
vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
81
this hormone stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus and the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands (stimulates milk ejection). (pituitary)
oxytocin
82
what are the 2 hormones of the neurohypophysis?
oxytocin & vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
83
sites where hormones are discharged (pituitary)
blood capillaries
84
are actually modified neuroglia cells that support the nervous elements. (pituitary)
pituicytes
85
these are rounded acidophilic structures characteristic to neurohypophysis. they represent the dilated bulbous endings of the fibers of the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract. (pituitary)
Herring's bodies
86
non-myelinated nerve fibers extending from 2 nerve cell ___ of the ___ and ending in neurohypophysis. these fibers arise from the ___-___ and ___ nuclei, and constitute what is known as the ___ ___ tract.
the neurosecretions from nerve cells of the above nuclei migrate along the fibers of the tract and fill up ___ endings at the terminations of these fibers. (pituitary)
nuclei; hypothalamus; supra-optic; paraventricular; hypothalamic hypophyseal
bulbous
87
the 4 parts of the neurohypophysis have the same structure which is made up of? (pituitary)
non-myelinated nerve fibers; Herring's bodies; pituicytes; blood capillaries
88
appears as a narrow portion behind the residual lumen which separates it from pars distal is. cells are arranged in cords or form cysts filled with colloid. the cells are of 2 types, which are?
function in man is not definitely known. in animals, one hormone is known to be secreted called ___ ___ hormone (pituitary)
pars intermedia
basophilic and clear cells
melanocyte stimulating (MSH)
89
the cells are arranged in cords or circular groups filled with colloid-like material. many blood vessels separate the cell groups from each other. the function is not yet known. (pituitary)
pars tuberalis
90
constitute 50% of cells. occur in groups and are small with clear cytoplasm. they are considered to be inactive forms of alpha and beta cells. (pituitary)
chromophobe or C cells
91
promotes secretion of cortical hormones of suprarenal gland (pituitary)
ACTH
92
activates ovulation and promotes development of corpus luteum. in males the hormone activates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone and is called interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) (pituitary)
LH
93
stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles. in males it stimulates formation of spermatozoa. (pituitary)
FSH
94
stimulates thyroid secretion (pituitary)
TSH
95
these cells constitute 15% of the cells of pars distalis. they are large cells with eccentric nuclei and basophilic cytoplasmic granules. beta cells secrete which 4 hormones? (pituitary)
basophil or beta cells
thyrotrophic or thyroid-stimulating hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
96
this hormone promotes milk secretion in lactating females (pituitary)
prolactin
97
these cells constitute 35% of the cells of pars distalis. they are moderate in size with central nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasmic granules. these cells are known to secrete 2 hormones, which are they? (pituitary)
acidophil cells (alpha cells)
growth hormone or somatotrophic hormone (STH)
prolactin or luteotrophic hormone (LTH)
98
these constitute 50% of the cells of the pars distal is. they have a great affinity to stain and their cytoplasm present stainable granules. according to type of granules, the cells are divided into which 2 types?
chromophil cells
acidophil; basophil
99
also known as pars anterior, separated by a residual lumen from pars intermedia. what is this section called? cells of this part are arranged in cords separated by capillary sinusoids. these cells are divided into 2 types, based on affinity to stain. what are these 2 types? (pituitary)
pars distalis
chromophil; chromophobe
100
2 types of parenchyma cells of parathyroid glands are?
principal/chief cells & oxyphil cells
101
small round cells forming most of the parenchyma (of parathyroid)
principal/chief cells
102
2 types of principal cells are? (parathyroid)
dark chief and light chief cells
103
small cells with granular cytoplasm. secrete the hormone of the parathyroid known as parathormone. promotes bone resorption and liberation of calcium from bones, thus tending to elevate the calcium level of blood. (parathyroid)
dark chief cells
104
a little larger than dark cells and have clear non-granular cytoplasm. they are believed to represent an inactive form of dark chief cells. (parathyroid)
light chief cells
105
large round cells with acidophilic cytoplasm and small dark nuclei. few, but their number tends to increase with age. their function is not known, but it is suggested that they may represent a degenerative form of chief cells. (parathyroid)
oxyphil cells
106
loss of weight, high BP, above normal temp., tachycardia, increased resp. rate, perspiration, nervousness, exophthalmos are all symptoms of what?
hyperthyroidism
107
in adults leads to a condition known as Myxedema. in children it leads to Cretinism. symptoms include: increase in body weight, bradycardia, decreased resp. rate, below normal temp., lethargy, enlargement of thyroid gland (endemic goiter) are all symptoms of what?
hypothyroidism
108
hypocalcemic tetany and carpopedal spasm symptoms of?
hypoparathyroidism
109
hypercalcemia, muscular hypotonia, weakness are symptoms of?
hyperparathyroidism
110
there are 2 of these glands, one in relation of the superior pole of each kidney
suprarenal glands
111
suprarenal glands have an outer zone called ___ and inner zone called ___
cortex; medulla
112
parenchyma of cortex of suprarenal glands consists of which 3 zones?
zona glomerulosa; zona fasciculata; zona reticularis
113
a thin zone under the capsule, made up of arcades or oval groups of cells. the cells are columnar with vacuolated cytoplasm. the groups of cells are separated by blood capillaries.
zona glomerulosa
114
the cells of the zone glomerulosa secrete the mineralocorticoids, e.g. aldosterone. what do these hormones do?
control water and electrolyte balance through its influence on kidney tubules
115
the widest zone of the cortex. made up of long cords of cells separated by capillary sinusoids
zona fasciculata
116
cells of zona fasciculata secrete a group of hormones called glucocorticoids, e.g. cortisol that do what?
control carbohydrate and protein metabolism
117
zone b/t zona fasciculata and medulla. cells are arranged in a network of interconnecting cords separated by small blood vessels and capillaries.
zona reticularis
