Digestive Physiology Flashcards

(59 cards)

1
Q

What is one function of vasopressin?

A

this is a hormone that controls the amygdala

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2
Q

What region of the brain is the amygdala?

A

controls fear

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3
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

eat other organisms for energy, instead of making it

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4
Q

What can’t be absorbed is…

A

excreted

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5
Q

How do animals gain nutrients from things that they can’t digest by their own enzymes?

A

they use symbionts within the digestive tract

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6
Q

How can we distinguish endosymbionts?

A

whether they are in the lumen of the gut, or in tissues

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7
Q

What are enterosymbionts?

A

live in the gut and increases nutrient availability

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8
Q

What do animals that lack a digestive tract do get energy?

A

rely on endosymbiotic bacteria to convert organic chemical energy into useable forms, and these are found in their body tissues

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9
Q

Where are endosymbionts located?

A

the body tissues

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10
Q

How do Riftia (have no mouth, digestive tract, no anus) get their nutrients without eating?

A

have a bag of bacteria that they treat as a farm and use their red gills to harvest nutrients that they deliver to the bacteria, which converts them into carbon based nutrients, and use this instead of food

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11
Q

What is the symbiotic relationship between coral and microbes that are embedded in their tissues?

A

coral protects the protists, allowing the microbes to live and reproduce, and in exchange they take the nutrients the protists make through photosynthesis

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12
Q

How could an animal obtain chloroplasts?

A

from the food they eat, they can harvest the chloroplasts from them, and can even use them for photosynthesis. could cause the animal to become green coloured

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13
Q

What are the 2 most common non-digestible molecules eaten?

A

cellulose and chitin

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14
Q

What is cellulose, and how can some animals breakdown this molecule for nutrients, despite it being non-digestible for most animals?

A

-glucose polymer
-plants use it for structure
-animals lack cellulase enzyme needed to break it down
-some animals use enterosymbionts for breakdown (ex. fungi, protists, and bacteria that digest cellulose)
-ex. rabbits breakdown some of it, then eat their feces to try and break down more of it

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15
Q

What is chitin, and how can some animals breakdown this molecule for nutrients, despite it being non-digestible for most animals?

A

-frogs and whales eat lots of invertebrates, which means lots of chitin
-examples of species that have evolved enzymes that have been able to acquire a bit of the ability to break down chitin

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16
Q

What is the difference between animals being able to break down chitin vs cellulose?

A

Cellulase: taking on an enzyme dedicated to cellulose and stealing it from something else

Chitinase: taking one of their own glucose modifying enzymes and tweaking it

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17
Q

What are endosymbiotic microbes? And how would they have been acquired by some animals?

A

-have their own version of cellulase
-used by termites
-through horizontal gene transfer, these animals stole a microbes cellulase gene and incorporated it into its own genome

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18
Q

What can enterosymbionts be used to break down?

A

cellulose

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19
Q

Why is lysozomes secreted in humans?

A

to prevent bacteria from growing on the surface as part of the immune system.

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20
Q

How do lysozomes and entertosymbionts work together for animal digestion?

A

animals use enterosymbionts for the breakdown of cellulose, and lysozomes are used to break down the cell walls of the bacteria in the gut.

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21
Q

What is the function of tight junctions in the human gut?

A

prevent material from leaking between the gut between cells into the extracellular fluid

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22
Q

What is one response the body could have if the microbiome of the gut is out of balance?

A

can result in cellular damage (ex. cell to cell communication could be broken and bacteria could make its way across the body into the epithelium, and result in inflammation and more)

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23
Q

What could be a specialized region of the gut?

A

regions for digestion in acid vs base, and areas for specific nutrients

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24
Q

How do the simplest animals complete digestion?

25
How do blind sacs work?
-brings in food into the internal cavity -bombards it with chemicals for breakdown -uses same area that brought it in, to spit it out
26
Why would food only going in through one way of the gut cause for gut specialization?
it will experience different degrees of digestion as it goes along the gut
27
As digestion becomes more specialized so does.....
absorption
28
why would a predatory bird have a longer gut, compared to a hummingbird?
it takes more time for digestion for them, compared to hummingbirds which only need short and simple
29
Describe a cows fermentation chamber process for digestion.
-cows put their fermentation chambers toward the anterior -eats and chews food, sending it to a chamber where bacteria breaks down the cellulose -once broken down, regurgitates it, chew and swallows, then sends it to a diff acidic chamber where typical chemical digestion occurs *an example of specialized compartments
30
Why would particular macromolecules gets sent to a particular location?
the cells in that region are able to secrete specific enzymes to break it down
31
How are carbohydrates broken down?
-some occurs in mouth -not lots in acidic stomach -once in small intenstine, hydrolytic enzymes called saccaridases break down the complex carbohydrates into smaller units
32
Why is the gut of animals compressed from end to end?
to occupy a smaller area
33
What does the inside of the gut contain?
series of small ridges called circular folds that are created from compression
34
Villi are...?
finger like projections
35
Microvilli are...?
cellular extensions of villi
36
Describe the relationship between surface area and the underlying vasculature.
-under the villi are vessels that collect material from the gut and deliver it to the target area of body -some nutrients move into the capillary beds where they can be carried via the blood stream to rest of body -some nutrients remain in extracellular fluid of villi, and collected by lymph vessels
37
Parietal cells are...
specialized to secrete acid
38
Chief cells...
specialized to secrete the enzyme pepsin
39
Enterendocrine cells...
tell the brain food is coming
40
Mucous neck cells...
secrete the later of mucus that protects the gut
41
immune cells...
patrol the intercellular spaces looking for pathogens
42
What are the cells of the vasculature?
parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells, immune cells, mucous cells
43
What is the role of the cells of the musculature?
work in conjunction by carrying out digestion while also communicating with each other and the hypothalamus
44
Secretion of various hormones control....
behaviour
45
What happens when adipose is full?
secretes the hormone leptin which goes to the brain and signals you are full, stopping hunger
46
What happens when the colon is full?
causes the gut to release peptide yy, which goes to the same region of the brain that tells you you're content
47
What happens when the stomach is empty?
releases the hormone ghrelin
48
Where does the hormone ghrelin go to?
same part of the brain that tells you you're full, and signals you're hungry
49
Control of appetite is plastic enough....
to deal with changes in demand
50
small intenstine is not...
acidic
51
animals digest what easily?
lipids
52
symbionts usually digest what?
complex carbohydrates
53
leptin indicates you're....
full
54
insulin and glucagon have what type of relationship? explain.
-agnostic -insulin doesn't regulate glucagon secretion, but both share sensitivity to glucose levels
55
alpha cells don't have what type of receptors?
insulin receptors that trigger a signalling pathway that reduces glucagon secretion
56
beta cells make...
insulin
57
the rumen, cecum, and appendix each house symbiotic bactierial populations that are....
enterosymbionts
58
inner lining of gut is...
epithelial cells (carry out absorption)
59
what type of secretion is the pancreas making digestive enzymes that are released into the gut?
exocrine