digestive/respiratory test

Question 1

the digestive tract is also called

Answer 1

alimentary canal

Question 2

structure that food passes

Answer 2

oral cavity> oropharynx> laryngopharynx> esophagus> stomach> duodenum> jejunum> ilium> cecum> ascend colon> transverse colon> descend colon> sigmoid colon> rectum

Question 3

the mechanical process in the oral cavity

Answer 3

mastication

Question 4

taking in food

Answer 4

ingestion

Question 5

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

Answer 5

mechanical digestion

Question 6

breaking large food molecules into absorbable nutrient molecules. breaking chemical bonds via hydrolysis)

Answer 6

chemical reactions

Question 7

releasing substances into alimentary canal to aid in digestion

Answer 7

secretion

Question 8

releasing wastes into alimentary canal. ex, wastes into bile, defecation.

Answer 8

excretion

Question 9

moving nutrients, vitamins, water, from alimentary canal into circulation

Answer 9

absorption

Question 10

vomiting reflexes or stomach acid to protect body from pathogens/toxins

Answer 10

protection

Question 11

3 pairs of salivary glands

Answer 11

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

Question 12

salivary amylase initiates the digestion of what compound and where

Answer 12

carbohydrates in the mouth, and is deactivated in the stomach acid

Question 13

2 enzymes in the saliva

Answer 13

salivary amylase and lingual lipase

Question 14

which enzyme begins working in the oral cavity and continues working in the stomach and on what

Answer 14

lingual lipase digest lipids mostly in stomach at a ph 3-6

Question 15

esophageal glands produce what type of secretions and why

Answer 15

mucous to lubricate and decrease friction

Question 16

how is food moved down the esophagus

Answer 16

peristalsis in the muscularis externa

Question 17

what is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 17

to prevent acidic chyme form entering esophagus from the stomach

Question 18

semiliquid substance produced by stomach

Answer 18

chyme

Question 19

what cells are present in the gastric glands and what stimulates them

Answer 19

g-cells, parietal cells, chief cells, mucous cells are stimulated by ach, histamine, and gastrin

Question 20

what do g cells produce and the function of product

Answer 20

gastrin: stimulates gastric secretion, relaxation of pyloric and ileoceacal sphincters, simulates intestinal motility

Question 21

what do parietal cells produce and products function

Answer 21

HCl and intrinsic factor that is needed for the absorption of vitamin b12 in the small intestine

Question 22

what do chief cells produce and function of their product

Answer 22

pepsinogen the proenzyme that becomes pepsin when it hits stomach acid digest proteins and gastric lipase digests lipids

Question 23

overall what nutrients get digested in the stomach

Answer 23

proteins and lipids. no absorption

Question 24

mucous cells do what

Answer 24

produce mucous that covers the interior surface to protect epithelium from acid chyme and digestive enzymes. they come from mucous neck

Question 25

how is HCl secreted from parietal glands

Answer 25

parietal cells produce carbonid anhydrase from h2o and co2. h2co3 gets broken down to h+ and hco3-. an anion trade occurs by countertransport cl- through gates and hco3- to interstitial fluid. h+ gets active transport to lumen of gland

Question 26

how does pepsin get activated

Answer 26

pepsinogen is released from the chief cells and are only activated by the acidity to become pepsin

Question 27

the mixing bowl of gi tract

Answer 27

duodenum, neutralizes acids

Question 28

most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here

Answer 28

jejunum

Question 29

what are villa and their function

Answer 29

finger like projections of the mucosa in small intestine to increase surface area

Question 30

what are micro villa

Answer 30

tiny projections of plasma membrane of cells to increase surface area

Question 31

what are lacteal

Answer 31

they are lymphatic capillaries that absorb lipids and fat soluble vitamins (ADEK). they are super permeable

Question 32

what are brunner glands

Answer 32

mucous glands in the duodenum. the secrete an alkaline mucous to protect duodenum from acidity of chyme

Question 33

what brush border enzymes

Answer 33

integral membrane proteins in the small intestine. they initially digest materials in contact with the brush border. they digest material in lumen once shed. located on the micro villi

Question 34

what does cck and secretin do

Answer 34

stimulate secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder. inhibitors gastrin and cause pyloric sphincter contractions

Question 35

what’s cck do

Answer 35

stimulates gallbladder so bile enter’s duodenum

Question 36

which class of enzymes get secreted as inactive pro enzymes

Answer 36

proteolytic from pancreas. activated after reaching small intestine

Question 37

pancreatic juice is made by what cells

Answer 37

acinar cells

Question 38

what neutralizes chyme

Answer 38

pancreatic juice having carbonates in it

Question 39

what organ produces bile, what organ stores it

Answer 39

liver, gallbladder

Question 40

how do bile salts aid indigestion digestion

Answer 40

emulsify lipids into smaller droplets and provide greater surface area for digestive enzymes

Question 41

sodium transporters absorb what

Answer 41

glucose and amino acids

Question 42

What is haustral churning

Answer 42

segmentation movement that mixes material in gi tract

Question 43

mass movements in large intestine

Answer 43

powerful peristalsic contractions move fecal matter from transverse colon to rectum

Question 44

water reabsorption occurs where

Answer 44

cecum to transverse colon

Question 45

vitamins produced in large intestine

Answer 45

vitamin k, b5, biotin

Question 46

what breaks down food in large intestine

Answer 46

bacteria

Question 47

in large intestine what is NOT produced

Answer 47

enzymes

Question 48

water absorption

Answer 48

passively through an osmotic gradient

Question 49

how do fatty acids diffuse

Answer 49

through cell membrane and eventually packaged into chylomicrons