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Anatomy & Physiology 019 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(111 cards)

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1
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

where the food passes during digestive activity

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2
Q

what organs are in the alimentary canal (6)

A

mouth
esophagus
pharynx
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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3
Q

What are accessory organs? (definition)

A

provide chewing enzymes and buffers that assist in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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4
Q

Name the accessory organs (5)

A

liver
gallbladder
pancreas
salivary glands
tongue

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5
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

slippery continuous serous membrane sac

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of the peritoneum

A

parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
peritoneal cavity

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7
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum

A

lines the inner surface of the body wall

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8
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum

A

lines the surface of digestive organs

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9
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity

A

fluid filled potential space between the peritoneal layers (sterile space)

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10
Q

what is the function of the peritoneum

A

intraperitoneal organs are surrounded or suspended by peritoneum
retroperitoneal organs lie posterior to peritoneum

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11
Q

What are mesenteries? (definition)

A

fold of peritoneum that suspend organ in abdomen

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12
Q

what is the function of mesenteries

A

provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the abdominal viscera
hold the organs in place
store fat
create channels and spaces in which infections can travel

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13
Q

where is the greater and lesser omentum attached

A

stomach

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14
Q

where is the mesentery attached?

A

small intestine

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15
Q

where is the mesocolon attached

A

parts of large intestine

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16
Q

what are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
adventitia/serosa

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17
Q

what are the 3 layers of the alimentary canal mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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18
Q

what is the function of the alimentary canal mucosa

A

Secret mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
Absorb the end products of digestion into the blood
Protect against infectious disease (it is the protective barrier)

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19
Q

what are the 2 layers of the muscularis externa of the alimentary canal?

A

inner circular smooth muscle
outer longitudinal smooth muscle

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20
Q

what is the function of the muscularis externa of the alimentary canal

A

segmentation and peristalsis
churning action of the stomach

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21
Q

Serosa (visceral peritoneum) of alimentary canal type of tissue

A

areolar connective tissue with mesothelium

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22
Q

adventitia (if no peritoneum) of alimentary canal type of tissue

A

dense connective tissue

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23
Q

what are the 6 essential digestive functions and processes

A

Ingestion
propulsion
mechanical breakdown
digestion
absorption
defecation

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24
Q

what is ingestion

A

taking in food and water via mouth

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25
what is propulsion
movement of food/water by swallowing or peristalsis
26
what is mechanical breakdown
increases surface area of food, preparing for chemical digestion by enzymes
27
what is digestion
enzymes secreted into lumen break food into chemical building blocks
28
what is absorption
movement of nutrients from lumen to blood or lymph
29
what is defecation
elimination of solid waste - ingestible substances and metabolic wastes
30
what is the relationship between the enteric nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
ANS ENS and GI hormones control GI organs and coordinate motility and secretions of the digestive system
31
What is the gross anatomy of the oral cavity (5)
teeth tongue hard palate soft palate Uvula
32
What is the function of the tongue (5)
aids in chewing initiates swallowing aids in speech Mixes food with saliva to produce bolus Taste
33
What are the functions of saliva
cleanse the mouth - prevents tooth decay dissolve food chemicals - taste moistens food to help compact bolus begins digestion of starch by enzyme amylase
34
what is the anatomy of the pharynx?
Mucosa Muscularis externa
35
what is the esophagus role in swallowing?
propels food from laryngopharynx to stomach
36
what is the anatomy of the esophagus
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Adventitia
37
What are the 2 sphincters at each end of the esophagus
Upper esophageal sphincter Lower esophageal sphincter
38
3 phases of ingestion
Oral phase pharyngeal-esophageal phase propulsion of food into esophagus
39
Gross anatomy of the stomach
Rugae pyloric sphincter
40
4 layers of stomach wall
Mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa
41
what are the 3 phases of gastric secretions
Cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
42
Gross anatomy of the liver
4 lobes gall bladder attached to posterior inferior portion Porta hepatis portal vein hepatic artery
43
Micro anatomy of the liver
Liver lobule hepatocytes portal triad sinusoids
44
Functions of hepatocytes (liver cells) (4)
produce and secrete bile process nutrients store fat soluble vitamins detoxification of blood
45
what is the portal triad (3 structures)
branch of hepatic artery branch of portal vein bile duct
46
Functions of the liver (3)
processes nutrient-rich venous blood from digestive organs cleans and detoxifies blood produces bile to emulsify fats
47
What are sinusoids
leaky capillaries between rows of hepatocytes, contain macrophages
48
where is the gallbladder located?
posterior inferior portion of the liver
49
what are the 4 cells types that contribute to gastric juice
mucous cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells
50
What is the gross anatomy of the small intestine
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
51
Function of the duodenum
most digestion alkaline and mucous secretions neutralize acidic chyme
52
function of jejunum
absorption
53
function of ileum
absorption of vitamin B12 and bile salts
54
what are the 4 layers of the small intestine wall
muscosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa
55
Specializations of the small intestine
circular folds villi microvilli
56
Cell types on the villi in small intestine
enterocytes Goblet cells
57
cell types in intestine crypts
enteroendocrine cells paneth cells stem cells
58
what are enterocytes (SI)
form bulk of endothelium simple columnar absorptive cells with microvilli bound to each other by tight junctions
59
what are goblet cells (SI)
mucous secreting cells
60
what are enteroendocrine cells (SI)
secret hormones like CCK and secretin sense food in the lumen
61
what are paneth cells (SI)
release antimicrobial agents determining which bacteria can colonize in inestine
62
what are paneth cells (SI)
release antimicrobial agents determining which bacteria can colonize in intestine
63
what are stem cells (SI)
continuously divide with daughter cells differentiating into the 4 other cell types
64
2 types of small intestine motility
segmentation migrating motor complex
65
Describe segmentation
after a meal ensures mixing and absorption intrinsic pacemaker cells in duodenum depolarize more frequently than ileum can be altered by ANS
66
describe migrating motor complex
between meals waves of peristalsis begin in proximal duodenum and sweep distally controlled by hormone motilin every few hours, sweeps all material into large intestine
67
what are the subdivisions of the large intestine? (7)
Cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anal canal
68
function of ileocecal valve
prevents backflow of chyme into small intestine
69
what is teniae coli
longitudinal layer of muscularis reduced to 3 strips
70
what is haustra
pockets in wall due to smooth muscle tone
71
what is the appendix
worm-like appendage contains immune cells and stores of bacteria to recolonize gut vulnerable to blockage
72
histology of large intestine
mucosa muscularis externa
73
large intestine major functions (3)
absorb remaining water absorb metabolites from bacteria package, store and release feces
74
describe defecation reflex
stretching of rectum wall initiates parasympathetic spinal reflex cause contraction of sigmoid colon and rectum wall and relaxation of internal anal sphincters sensory signal to brain- conscious decision to voluntarily relax external anal sphincter
75
list enzymes involved in digestion of carbohydrates (4)
amylase sucrase maltase lactase
76
list enzymes involved in digesting proteins
protease sucrase maltase lactase
77
list enzymes involved in digesting fats
lipase
78
nutrient definition
substance in food the body uses to prompt normal growth, maintenance and repair
79
what are the 5 major nutrient categories?
carbohydrates proteins fats minerals vitamins
80
Dietary sources of carbs
sugars starches glycogen
81
carbs uses in body
main fuel source for ATP production source of fiber
82
carbs dietary requirement
45-65% of total calorie intake 25-30 gm/day of fiber
83
dietary sources of protein
complete proteins incomplete proteins
84
protein uses in body
use amino acids to build proteins or burn for energy
85
protein dietary requirements
generally .8gm/kg body weight need essential amino acids from diet
86
fat dietary sources
saturated fats unsaturated fats cholesterol
87
fat uses in the body (5)
Protect from heat loss, cushion body organs, energy store Phospholipids create myelin and cell membranes Cholesterol precursor to hormones, stabilizes cell membranes Triglycerides are major fuel source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes presence of fats in diet aids in absorption of fat soluble vitamins
88
fat dietary requirements
20-35% of total calorie intake essential fatty acids = omega-3 and omega-6
89
minerals that are essential to health (7)
calcium phosphorus sulfur potassium chlorine sodium magnesium
90
water soluble vitamins
B complex vitamins and vitamin C absorbed in intestines not stored, excess excreted in urine
91
fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A, D, E, and K absorbed with dietary lipids in gut stored in body excess can result in toxicity
92
what is the role of coenzymes in metabolism
play a role in oxidation-reduction reactions
93
oxidation definition
gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
94
reduction definition
substance gains electrons
95
Glycolysis
Uses 2 ATP Makes 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP and 2 reduced coenzymes
96
Citric acid cycle
uses pyruvic acid and oxygen Makes 6 CO2, 10 reduced coenzymes and 2 ATP molecules
97
electron transport chain
uses 1 glucose molecule makes 30 ATP
98
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration
Reactant: glucose and oxygen Product: ATP and H2O
99
Glycogenesis
polymerize glucose to form glycogen ( storage of glucose, occurs in liver and skeletal muscle)
100
Glycogenolysis
hydrolyzes glycogen into glucose monomers (release glucose from storage, only liver can release to blood)
101
Gluconeogenesis
forms glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (make new glucose from noncarbohydrate sources) mostly in liver
102
Beta oxidation
fatty acids carbon-hydrogen chains broken down in cycles of beta-oxidation
103
how are amino acids metabolized for energy
In liver transamination and deamination: removes amino group from an amino acid keto acid formed in transamination reaction is modified for citric acid cycle or conversion to fats or glucose
104
Carbs are easily and frequently converted to___
fats
105
fats and carbs are ___
oxidized to supply energy
106
Amino acid pools must be converted to ___
metabolites that can enter citric acid cycle
107
pyruvic acid can be converted to____
glucose
108
what is major events of absorptive state
Anabolism exceeds catabolism and nutrients are stored Glucose is major energy fuel Carbs and amino acids absorbed into blood go to liver first
109
what are major events of post absorptive states
Catabolism of fat, glycogen and proteins Goal is to maintain homeostatic glucose levels
110
Glucagon
Post absorptive state stimulated by falling blood glucose levels alpha cells increase glucagon secretion beta cells decrease insulin secretion
111
Insulin
absorptive state stimulated by rising blood glucose levels beta cells of pancreas increase insulin secretion

Anatomy & Physiology 019 (5 decks)

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