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Digestive System Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What Does the Term Gastric Mean?

A

It is Referred to the Stomach.

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2
Q

What Does the Term Enteric Mean?

A

It is Referred to the Intestines.

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3
Q

What are the Four Layers of the GI Tract?

A

From the Lumen Outward is the Mucosa, the Submucosa, the Muscular Layers, and the Serosa.

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4
Q

What Tissues is Near the Mouth and Anus?

A

The Stratified Squamous Epithelium.

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5
Q

What Tissues Make Up the Rest of the Gastrointestinal Tract?

A

The Simple Columnar Epithelium.

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6
Q

What are the Two Plexuses that Make Up the Enteric Nervous System?

A

The Submucosal Plexus and the Myenteric Plexus.

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7
Q

The Endocrine Hormone Cholecystokinin Inhibits What?

A

It Inhibits Gastric Emptying in the GI Tract.

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8
Q

The Endocrine Hormone Gastrin Stimulate?

A

It Stimulates Stomach Mobility.

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9
Q

What is the Buccal Cavity?

A

This is the Entrance to the Gastrointestinal Tract as the Mouth or Oral Cavity.

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10
Q

What is the Hard and Soft Palate?

A

It is What Borders the Oral Cavity, With the Hard Palate Being Placed Rostrally and the Soft Palate Placed Dorsally.

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11
Q

What is Prehension?

A

It is the Process of Bringing Food into the Oral Cavity.

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12
Q

What is Muscles of Mastication?

A

It is the Middle Muscular Layer that Contributes to the Biting Strength of the Mouth.

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13
Q

What is the Philtrum?

A

It is the Cleft that Divides the Two Halves of the Upper Lip.

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14
Q

What is the Palate?

A

It Acts as a Dorsal Border of the Oral Cavity (Rood of the Mouth. There are Two Parts, the Hard and Soft Palate.

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15
Q

What is the Crown?

A

It is the Part of the Tooth that Projects Above the Gingiva (Gums).

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16
Q

What is the Root?

A

It is Embedded in the Alveoli Below the Gingiva.

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17
Q

What Does Coronal Mean?

A

It Refers to Something Toward the Crown of the Tooth.

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18
Q

What is the Enamel?

A

It is a Thin Layer of White Hard Material that Covers the Crown. It is the Hardest Substance in the Body.

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19
Q

What is the Dentin?

A

It is Under the Enamel, and Forms the Bulk of the Tooth and is as Hard as Bone, But Not as Hard as Enamel.

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20
Q

What is the Pulp Cavity?

A

It Contains the Blood Supply and Nerves Which Supplies the Tooth. It is Surrounded by the Dentin.

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21
Q

What are Brachydont Teeth?

A

They are Small Crowns with Well-Developed Roots in Carnivores, Humans, and Pigs.

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22
Q

Are Ruminant Incisors Brachydont or Hypsodont?

A

They are Brachydont Teeth.

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23
Q

What are Hypsodont Teeth?

A

A Horse’s Incisors, Boar’s Canine Teeth, Ruminant Cheek Teeth, and Some Teeth of Rodents and Lagomorphs.

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24
Q

What are the Two Types of Hypsodont Teeth?

A

Radicular Hypsodont and Aradicular Hypsodont.

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25
What is the Cementum?
It is a Thin, Bonelike Covering Over the Roots of Brachydont Teeth and Most of the Entire Tooth to the Enamel in Hypsodont Teeth.
26
What is the Periodontal Membrane?
It is Made of Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue that Links the Cementum with the Alveolar Wall, Anchoring the Tooth into the Jaw.
27
All Domestic Species have Two Sets Of Teeth.
Deciduous Teeth (Milk/Baby Teeth) and Permanent Dentition (Adult Teeth).
28
Where are Incisors Found?
They are Found in the Premaxilla or Incisive Bone.
29
What is the Dental Pad?
Ruminant Species Have This Instead of Front Incisors. They are a Thickened Pads that Can Have the Lower Incisors Grind and Crush Food.
30
Where are Canine Teeth Located?
On the Maxilla Bone and Mandible.
31
Where are the Premolars and Molars (Cheek Teeth)?
They are Found in the Maxilla Bone and the Mandible. They Act Like Shears, Cutting and Slicing Meat From Bones and Grinding Food.
32
What is the Largest Cutting Teeth in the Jaw of the Carnivore?
The Carnassial Teeth?
33
What are the Teeth in the Dental Formula?
Incisors (I), Canines (C), Premolars (P), Molars (M)
34
What is the Enzyme Lysozyme Used For?
It is an Enzyme in Saliva, and Helps Control the Bacterial Population in the Oral Cavity.
35
What do Salivary Glands Deposit?
They Deposit Saliva in the Oral Cavity Via Ducts.
36
What is the Enzyme Amylase Used For?
It Assists in the Breakdown of Starchy Carbohydrates.
37
What is the Pharynx?
It is the Throat, and is Part of the Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Tract. Here, Food is Directed into the Esophagus.
38
What is the Epiglottis?
It is Part of the Laryngeal Cartilage that Covers the Glottis During the Act of Swallowing. It Stops the Food From Going into the Trachea.
39
What are the Tonsils Used For?
They are a Lymphoid Tissue that Protects the Animal Against Some Diseases Found in the Pharynx.
40
What is the Cardiac Sphincter Used For?
It Prevents the Highly Acidic Contents of the Stomach From Backflowing or Refluxing into the Esophagus and Damaging its Mucosa.
41
What is Prehension?
It is the Action of Bringing Food into the Mouth.
42
What is a Bolus?
It is When Food is Macerated and Mixed with Saliva.
43
What is Deglutition?
It is Swallowing.
44
What is Peristalsis?
The Presence of Food In the Esophagus Triggers Swallowing and Initiates this. It is the Pattern of Muscle Contraction.
45
What is the Surface of Organs in the Abdominal Cavity Covered in?
Visceral Peritoneum.
46
What is the Abdominal Body Wall Lined By?
Parietal Peritoneum.
47
What are Types of Connecting Peritoneum that Connects the Organs to the Parietal Peritoneum?
It is Mesentery, Omentum, and Ligaments.
48
What Does the Mesentery that Suspends the Duodenum?
Mesoduodenum.
49
What is the Mesentery that Suspends the Colon?
Mesocolon.
50
What is Chyme?
It is the Semiliquid State that Food Becomes When it Leaves the Stomach and Enters the Chyme.
51
What is a a Monogastric Animal?
They Have a Single or Simple Stomach. These are Dogs, Cats, and Horses.
52
What is a Rugae?
They are Transient Folds of Gastric Mucosa, Which Allows the Stomach to Expand When it is Filled With Food and Increase the Surface Area for Absorption.
53
What are the Three Basic Regions in the Glandular Portion of the Stomach?
The Cardia, Fundus, and Pylorus.
54
What are the Types of Glandular Cells in the Gastric Pits in the Glandular Regions of the Fundus?
Mucous Neck Cells, Parietal Cells, and Chief Cells. They all Produce Different Secretions.
55
What Kind of Enzyme is a Pepsin?
Pepsin is a Proteolytic Enzyme that Begins the Chemical Digestion of Proteins.
56
In the Last Glandular Portion of the Stomach is Called the Pyloric Gland Region. What Does it Consist of?
It Consists of the Pyloric Antrum, Which is the Area Continuous With the Body of the Stomach.
57
What Does the Pyloric Sphincter Determine?
It Helps Determine the Rate of Gastric Empting.
58
What are G Cells?
They are Endocrine Cells that Secrete the Hormone Gastrin into the Bloodstream.
59
What Three Substances Stimulate Secretions by Glandular Cells in the Stomach?
Acetylcholine, Gastrin, and Histamine.
60
Histamine is Secreted by What is the Gastric Mucosa?
Enterochromaffin-Like Cells.
61
What Hormones Play a Role in Delaying Gastric Emptying By Inhibiting Pyloric Antral Contractions and Further Constricting the Pyloric Sphincter.
Secretin, Cholecystokinin, and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide.
62
What is the Process of Hydrolysis?
It is a Chemical Reaction in Which a Bond is Broken by the Insertion of a Water Molecule.
63
What are Carbohydrates Made Up of?
They are Made Up of Repeating Units Called Monosacchrides.
64
What are Proteins Made Up of?
They are Made Up of Amino Acids Units.
65
What are the First Three Chambers of the Four Ruminant Chambers?
Forestomach or Forestomaches.
66
What are the Names of the Three Forestomaches?
The Reticulum, Rumen, and Omasum. They are Nonglandular.
67
What is the Fourth Chamber, or "True" Stomach?
The Abomasum. It is Glandular.
68
What Reticulum and the Rumen are Frequently Referred to as One Unit, the -
Reticulorumen.
69
What Links the Esophagus with the Omasum and Plays a Crucial Role in the Young Ruminant?
The Esophageal Groove.

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