Digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
What type of mucosa does the oral cavity have?
- what type of epithilia is it made up of
A
- mucosa and submucosa
- non kertainized simple sqamous epithelium
2
Q
what are the types of papillae on the tongue (4)
A
- Filaform
- fungiform (mushroom shaped)
- foliate
- Circimvallate (vallate)
3
Q
Which of these contain taste buds which have the most taste buds
A
- all except filaform ( mechanical-highly keratinized)
- Vallate has the most ( many sensory nerve)
4
Q
- what role does saliva have in the papillae
- how does the saliva get to the taste buds? what does it prevent?
A
- have chemicals that provide taste
- through invaginations that are continuously flushed by new saliva to prevent the proliferation of bacteria
5
Q
What are the glands are responsible for the continuous flushing of the tastebud invaginations
A
ebners gland- minor salivary glands that only produce serous fluid
6
Q
how does ebners gland compare to other salivary glands
A
- they are serous glands
7
Q
what are the layers of the digestive tract ( interior to exterior)
A
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- adventitia
- mesentary
8
Q
what are the charecteristics of the mucosa(4)
A
adjacent to the lumen
- consists of an epithelial lining
- underlying lamina propia
- muscularis mucosae separating mucosa from submucosa
9
Q
what are the charecteristics of the submucosa (2)
A
- made of hight distensible CT
- contain meisner plexus»_space; Autonomic nerves» helps with blood flow
10
Q
what are the characteristics of the muscularis externa (3)
A
- smooth muscle oriented in different directions
- inner-circular and outer longitudinal layer facilitates the movement of food
- myenteric (Auerbach) plexus»_space; ANS
11
Q
what are the characteristics of the adventia
what is the funciton
Where is it present ? What does it turn into?
A
- secures organs to the surrounding tissues
- located where the tract is not covered by a cavity ( mesothelium)
- only loose Ct
- converts to serosa in the abdominal cavity ( mesothelium + loose CT)
12
Q
what is the serosa how is different than adventita(2)
A
- lined by mesothelium that is continous along the mesentaries
- mesentaries are continuous with the perotinium
13
Q
what are the charecteristics of the mesentary (4
What is the function
A
- not technically a layer of the GI tract
- attaches digestive organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen
- the double layer of the peotineum
- organs with this layer are intraperitoneal (most organs) and those without are retroperitoneal
14
Q
what is the perotineum
A
- sac that contains some of the digestive organs
15
Q
Where is the esophogus located
- what is it not lined by and why
A
- in the thorasic cavity NOT in the abdominal cavity
- not lined by the perotinium bc not in the abdominal cavity
16
Q
what is lined by in thorasic vs abdominal cavity
A
- in the thoracic lined by adventia in the abdominal by serosa
17
Q
how many sections is the esophogus made up of what is included in these sections? what type of control is it under
A
Upper ⅓: Skeletal muscle
Middle ⅓: Skeletal and smooth muscle
Lower ⅓: Smooth muscle
- involuntary
18
Q
what type of epithelial lining makes up the esophogus
A
- nonkertanized stratified squamous epithelium in the upper and middle third (most of the esophogus)
- simple columnar in the lower third to the anal canal ( where the esophogus connects to the stomach)
19
Q
what does the mucosa of the digestive system include
A
-epitheliul lining
- lamina propia
- muscularis mucosa»_space; seperates muscosa from submucosa
20
Q
what glands does the lamina propia in the mucosa of the esophogus contain
A
- many different glands - cardiac glands
21
Q
which layers of the esophogus contain vascularization
A
- lamina propia ( mucosa)
- submucosa
22
Q
how do submucosal glands compare to mucosal
A
theyre larger
23
Q
what is responsible for the inervation of the esophogus and where is it located?
- what does it regulate
A
- meisner plexus, submucosa
- blood flow and secretions from the glands
24
Q
what is the system of the digestive system
A
enteric system
25
What are the subsections of the innervation of the digestive tract.
- what are their locations and functions
- Myenteric plexus between inner and outer layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa and regulates smooth muscle contraction
- Meissner plexus in the submucosa and regulates glandular secretion and blood flow
26
how are the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS asscociated with the digestive tract
- Parasympathetic nerve fibers activate physiologic digestive process
- Sympathetic nerve fibers are mainly inhibitory of digestive processes
27
What is the function of the stomach and what type of epithelium lines it
- primary site of digestion of nutrients
- simple columnar
28
what are the 4 reigons of the stomach?
- fondus
- cardia
- body
- pylorus
29
what are the folds in the stomach called and what mucosa do they contain
- what happens to them as the stomach expands
- rugae- mucosa and submucosa
- flatten as stomach expands
30
what are the shallow invaginations of stomach?
- what type of mucosa is present
- what do they secrete
what is the function of the secretion
- gastric pits with tubular gastric glands
- contain surface mucous cells
- highly alkaline carbonate and mucous
- preotect lining from low ph of stomach / neutralize low ph
31
what do the glands of the stomach secrete where do these glands pass through?
- mucus , acid , digestive enzymes
- extend into the muscularis mucosa so pass through entire lamina propia
32
where are cardiac glands located and what is the function
- esophogeal orifice
- mucus secreting
33
where are the gastric glands what is the functions
- body and fundus
- most developed and most numerous
- mixed secretions of mucus, acid, enzymes
34
where are the pyloric glands what is the function
- pyloric area close to the duodenum
- mostly mucus secreting
35
what are the 5 cell types of the gastric glands
- Surface mucosa
- mucosa neck cells
- parietal cells
- chief cells
- G cells
36
what is the function of the surface mucosa
Secrete alkaline fluid (carbonate) to protect epithelium
37
what is the function of mucous neck cells
- what is their life span what are they replaced by
- Secretes acid (HCl) to reduce pH of stomach
- Live and die quickly, replaced by stem cells that migrate to the neck of the gland from the base of the pit
38
what is the function of the parietal cells
- Secretes intrinsic factor and HCl
- Have receptors for gastrin
- Controlled by ANS
39
what happens if parietal cells are damaged
No secretion of intrinsic factor = no absorption of vitamin B12 = subacute combined degeneration
40
what is the function of chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
41
what is the function of G cells
- secretes gastrin
- Stimulates the production of HCl by parietal cells
42
what are the chief and parietal cells innervated by?
- autonomic nervous system
- have receptors for ACH ( parasympathetic)
43
what are parietal cells triggered by/ have receptors for?
gastrin
44
how do the enteroendocrine cells play a role in the glands
- secrete in the interstium NOT the lumen
- triggers release of gastrin which trigers parietal cells
45
what are the 2 different salivary glands
- spherical acini - serous
- Tubular acini - mucous
46
what are the dutcs of the salivary glands
- intercalated
- striated
- excretory
47
which ducts are the most important in the salivary glands
- They modify the primary saliva the most
- Na and Cl are reabsorbed by the cells that line the striated ducts
- K and bicarbonate is secreted
48
How does Na leave the the cells in the striated ducts?
what does this require?
Where is it located within the duct?
- leaves via active transports by pumps. requires mitochondria for ATP production that are in the epithelial basal membrane of striated ducts invaginations
49
what is the organization duct of mitochondria in striated ducts
- parallel rows of elongated mitochondria
50
what organ does not have striated ducts? what does it have?
pancreas - intercalated , excretory ducts
(also doesnt have myoepithilial cells)
51
Intercalated ducts:
location
what they secrete
what component of saliva
- at the lowest part of the neck of the glands
- antibacterial substances
- part of the component of primary saliva
52
What are the major oral salivary glands
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
53
what are the charecteristics of the parotid gland
- serous fluid only
54
what autoimmune disease can affect the parotid and submandibular glands?
- sympotoms (4)
- Xerostemia: dry mouth disease casued by attack of these glands
- extreme swelling of parotid galnds
- Causes tongue dilapidation,
- candidiasis infection,
- severe caries and periodontal disease
55
what are the characteristics of the submandibular glands
- mixed acini ( serous demilunes ( on the periphery) and mucus ( in the center) )
56
what are the charecterisitcs of the sublingual glands
- mostly mucus ( some serous
57
minor salivary glands
- where are they located
- what do they secrete
- what is their function
- in lateral portion of the hard palate
- secrete mucus and immunogobulins
- ative at night to keep mouth moist
58
what of the minor salivary are serous
lingual serous - Von Ebners gland
59
what are the nutrient absorbing cells of the large and small intestine
- enterocytes
60
what is the boarder of the small intestine
- brush boarder
61
what are the regions of the small intestine?
duodenum
jejnunum
ileum
62
what part of the small intestine has brunners glands? what types of glands are they
- duodenum
- mucous glands that penetrate to the muscularis mucosae
63
what is the function of the brunners gland in the duodenum? How does this affect the pancreas
- secrete peptide hormone ( urogastrone) that inhibits HCL secretion from parietal cells ( raises ph of the small intestine)
- pancreas secrets it’s enzymes at a higher ph
- provides the base of the crypts of lieberkuhn
64
what do crypts of lieberkuhn do?
- replace the gastric glands
65
what is the charecteristic of the villi of the duodenum.
what is the charecteristic of the villi of the jejunum?
what is the charecteristic of the villi in the ileum
- shortest villi
- longest vili
- club chaped
66
what type of villi does the alrge intestine have?
NO VILLI
67
Jejunum:
- what is wrapped by what is the function
- what macromolecule is absorbed where does it circulate
- what does it contain in the lamina propia of the villi
- Wrapped in extensive capillaries so that digested material enters the blood and is processed immediately by the liver
- Lipids absorbed are circulated in lymphatic system
- Contains lacteals in the lamina propria of villi
68
what are lacteals
lymphatics of the small intestine
69
what cells are present in the illium
- peyers patches
- must paneth patches
70
what are the charecteristics of the peyers patches
- Part of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
- Large lymphoid nodule aggregates
- Underly the epithelial M cells
71
what are the charecteristicsof the paneth cells :
- location
- what do they produce
- what do they present
- sit on the base of crypts
- produce lyzozymes to regulate microenvironment of bacteria ( not too many )
- antigen presenting
72
- what nutrients does the large intestine absorb
- what does it secrete
- Absorbs water, electrolytes, bile salts, and some vitamins
- mucus for lubrication
73
what type of metablosim occur in the large intestine
bacteria metabolism
74
what does the large intestine not have
villi or paneth cells
75
Ascedning and descedning sections of the large intestine are _________peritoneal
- what does this mean
- retroperitoneal
- Not covered by mesentery layer, only adventitia
Not connected to posterior abdominal wall
76
what are the functions and charecteristics of the appendix (3)
- Resists bacterial infection
- Has roles in immune function and is part of MALT
77
where are lacteals present
- small intestine, lamina propia of villi, villi ( these could all be answer options but they mean the same thing)
78
what components of the digestive tract provide protection?
- secretion of brunners glands
- MALT
- appendix
- peyers patch
- paneth cells
- M cells - trancytosis bacteria and pass them to antigen presenting cells
79
what occurs if you dont have paneth cells
the pathogenic bacteria poliferate
80
what is absorbed by the small intestine
amino acids, sugar, lipid
81
which cells are only present in the pancreas
- what do they secrete what is it similar to?
-centroacinar cells
- secrete bicarbonate that alkalinizes secretion of acini- ( Similar to inercalated ducts )
82
what does the pancreas secrete
insulin and glucagon through endocrine secretion ( islets of langerhans)
83
what is the function of the liver
- filters the absorbtion of small intestine and absorbed by hepatocytes
- produces bile - help with uptake of fats
84
what are the steps of hepatic venous portal system
- Hepatic arteries bring oxygen and hypatic portal vein nutrients to the liver
- Blood flows through the sinusoidal capillaries in the portal triad of the hepatic lobules
- Central veins of lobules merge together and drain blood via the hepatic vein
85
what is the difference between the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic vein
- hepatic portal vein carries nutrient rich blood from the intestine
- hepatic vein carries D02 blood from the liver to the vena cava
86
what is the space of disse
- in the liver- boardered by endothelial cells of sinusoids and hepatocytes.
-it allows for the hepatocytes to get intouch with the blood and and absorb and process nutrients, and release them
87
what is the hepatic lobule (liver)
- what does it contain
- where does it drain blood
- what function do hepatocytes have here
- contains portal triad- which contains bile duct , hepatic arteriole, portal vein
- Drains blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the hepatic or central vein
- Hepatocytes have an endocrine function here as blood flows past them
88
portal lobule: (LIVER)
- what does it drain
- what function on hepatocytes have here
- Drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct
- Drain in a triangular form to the bile
- Hepatocyte have an exocrine function here
89
what is the function of hypatic acini (LIVER
- Organization for oxygenation of hepatocytes
- Most oxygenated near portal triads (hepatic arteriole supplies blood)
- Least oxygenated at central vein
90
what do kupfer cells and stellate cells do?
- Stellate cells store vitamin A in small lipid droplets
- Kupffer cells detect and phagocytose old RBCs
91
what is the funciton of the gall bladder what does it absorb and why
- what can these absorbed materials cause
- stores / acumalates (concentrated)bile
- absorbs water and electrolytes to maintain bile
can cause stones
92
The gall bladder is ____ muscular.
why? what is very developed bc of this
- highly muscular
- contraction of bile into the duodenus
- so muscualris externa is very developed
93
Gall bladder _____ have submucosa
doesnt
94
how does the gallbladder dilate and contract back
- via mucosal folds that are present when the gall bladder is contracting and when its filled with bile
95
what originates from the neural crest
- the pns
- tactile receptors
- meisner corpuscles
- pacinian corpuscles
- nerve endings in the epidermis
- melanocytes
96
what is the ecto mechansym
- gives rise to structures in the head and neck
97
where do pdl and odontoblasts and enamel origins
- pdl and odnotoblasts - neural crest
- enamel - ameloblast origin in the oral surface ectoderm
98
where are lamelated corpuscles and dentin origin
nerural crest
99
What plexus makes up the enteric system
Meisner >> submucosal plexus
Auerbach >> muscularis externa >> myenteric plexus
