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A&P > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

the selective intake of food

A

ingestion

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2
Q

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

A

digestion

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3
Q

the uptake of nutrient molecules into the body’s own tissues

A

absorption

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4
Q

absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces

A

compaction

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5
Q

elimination of feces

A

defecation

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6
Q

physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

A

mechanical digestion

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7
Q

series of hydrolysis reactions that break down dietary macromolecules into their monomers

A

chemical digestion

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8
Q

muscular tube extending from mouth to anus

A

digestive tract

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9
Q

what is included in digestive tract?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine

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10
Q

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are considered

A

accessory organs

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11
Q

structure of digestive tract; from inner to outer surface

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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12
Q

consist of epithelium, a loose connective tissue layer called lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae

A

mucosa

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13
Q

tenses the mucosa, creating grooves and ridges that enhance surface area and contact with food

A

muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

exhibits an abundance of lymphocytes and lymphoid nodules

A

mucosa

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15
Q

thicker layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and lymphatics, a nerve plexus, and in some places, glands that secrete lubricating mucus into the lumen

A

submucosa

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16
Q

consists of usually two layers of muscle near the outer surface; responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract

A

muscularis externa

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17
Q

thin layer of areolar tissue topped with simple squamous mesothelium

A

serosa

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18
Q

the pharynx, most of esophagus, and rectum have no serosa but are surrounded by fibrous connective tissue called

A

adventitia

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19
Q

esophagus, stomach, and intestines have a nervous network called; which regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow

A

enteric plexus

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20
Q

connective tissue sheet that suspends stomach and intestines from abdominal wall

allows movement and contractions

holds viscera in place

passage for vessels and nerves, contains lymph nodes and vessels

A

mesenteries

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21
Q

anterior extensions of the mesentery associated with the stomach

A

omenta

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22
Q

manipulation, texture, taste
lingual papillae (TASTE BUDS)
body - anterior 2/3
root - posterior 1/3, oropharynx
vallate papillae - v shaped, marks boundary
lingual glands - some saliva

A

tongue

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23
Q

dentition

A

teeth

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24
Q

separates oral and nasal

A

palate

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25
Q

retains food in the mouth

A

uvula

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26
Q

chewing

A

mastication

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27
Q

mucus, electrolytes, lysozyme, salivary amylase, lingual lipase

A

extrinsic salivary glands

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28
Q

kills bacteria

A

lysozyme

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29
Q

starch digestion

A

salivary amylase

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30
Q

fat digestion

A

lingual lipase

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31
Q

three of salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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32
Q

muscular funnel; mouth -> esophagus; intersect of digestive and respiratory tracts

A

pharynx

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33
Q

superficial; circular skeletal muscle; food downward; inferior muscle closes when breathing (prevents air from entering esophagus)

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

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34
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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35
Q

voluntary; food bolus -> oropharynx -> epiglottis -> laryngopharynx

A

oral phase (swallowing)

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36
Q

uvula action; epiglottis action; pharyngeal constrictors

A

pharyngeal phase (swallowing)

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37
Q

peristalsis; circular muscle constricts above bolus, relaxes below bolus; cardiac sphincter

A

esophageal phase

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38
Q

wave of involuntary contractions

A

peristalsis

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39
Q

muscular sack immediately inferior to the diaphragm (storage, mechanical and chemical digestion)

A

stomach

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40
Q

acidic soupy mix that leaves

A

chyme

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41
Q

blood supply of stomach

A

from celiac trunk to liver

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42
Q

simple columnar surface;

mucosa and submucosa (flat when full; wrinkled when emptied ; rugae); 3 layered muscularis externa

A

tissue of stomach

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43
Q

how does stomach not digest itself?

A

alkaline mucous coat
tight junctions - protects deeper tissue
epithelial cell replacement

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44
Q

glands at bottom of pits

A

gastric pits

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45
Q

mucus cells

A

mucus

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46
Q

stem cells

A

new cells

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47
Q

parietal cells

A

HCl and ghrelin (appetite hormone)

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48
Q

chief cells

A

gastric lipase and pepsinogen
most numerous

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49
Q

how much gastric juice is secreted per day?

A

2-3 L

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50
Q

activates pepsin and lingual lipase

breaks down connective tissue and plant cell walls

innate immunity

A

HCl

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51
Q

zymogens - inactive enzymes

HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin(activates)

autocatalytic affect: activates more of itself

digest proteins -> shorter chains

A

pepsin

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52
Q

digests small amount of fat (10-15%)

A

gastric lipase

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53
Q

largest gland, second largest organ; immediately inferior to diaphragm

A

liver

54
Q

secretion of bile

A

liver

55
Q

blood filtering in liver

A

sinusoids

56
Q

processing of materials

metabolism (glucose -> energy) or storage (glucose -> glycogen)

breakdown of hormones, toxins, drugs, hemoglobin

bile production

A

hepatocytes

57
Q

flow of bile

A

bile canaliculi -> bile ductules -> bile duct

58
Q

connection among organs, excluding heart

A

portal veins

59
Q

anteroventral position on liver

stores and concentrates bile

A

gall bladder

60
Q

emulsifies fat –> which increases what

A

bile ; surface area

61
Q

what is in bile?

A

500-1000 ml secreted daily

minerals, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigment

62
Q

what is bile pigment?

A

bilirubin (from hemoglobin decomposition)

63
Q

steroids that aid in fat digestion

A

bile acid (bile salts)

80% are returned to liver
20% excreted in feces –> rids excess cholesterol

64
Q

99% exocrine

A

pancreas

65
Q

1200-1500 ml/day

alkaline: water, electrolytes, bicarbonate

digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, nuclease, trypsin family)

produced by acinar cells

A

pancreatic juice

66
Q

from nerves due to chewing

A

acetylcholine

67
Q

from duodenum, when fat enters

stimulates gallbladder contractions and relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

cholecystokinin

68
Q

from duodenum, when chime enters (acidity)

stimulates ducts of liver and pancreases-> sodium bicarbonate -> raises pH

A

secretin

69
Q

site of nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

2.5 cm diameter and 5 m long

A

small intestines

70
Q

digestion; neutralize stomach acid

A

duodenum

71
Q

rich blood supply ; absorption

A

jejunum

72
Q

reabsorbs bile acids

A

illeum

73
Q

blood flow to intestines

A

superior mesenteric artery

74
Q

blood flow from intestines

A

ultimately - hepatic portal vein (target liver)

75
Q

increases surface are in intestines by 2-3x

A

circular folds

76
Q

increase surface area in intestines by 10x

A

villi

77
Q

lumen is lined with

A

simple columnar epithelium

78
Q

tight junctions –>

A

block digestive enzymes

79
Q

increases surface area in intestines by 20x

A

microvilli

80
Q

areolar tissue core

A

villi

81
Q

nutrient absorption in villi

A

capillaries

82
Q

lipid absorption in villi

A

lacteal

83
Q

secreted by gastric parietal cells

signals hunger and hypothalamus to releases GHRH

A

ghrelin

84
Q

secreted from ileum and colon when food enters stomach

proportional to calories consumed

signals fullness -> terminate eating

A

peptide YY

85
Q

stimulates brain and sensory fibers –> appetite suppressing

A

cholecystokinin

86
Q

secreted from beta cells of the pancreatic islets

stimulates fullness feeling, slows digestive activity

A

amylin

87
Q

secreted from adipocytes

proportional to fat stores

signals amount of fat to body

low signal - body needs to eat more

A

leptin

88
Q

secreted from beta cells, pancreas

stimulates glucose uptake from blood

metabolism or storage of nutrients

suppresses appetite

not as strong as leptin

A

insulin

89
Q

50% starch digested before duodenum

A

carbohydrates

90
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A

salivary amylase

pancreatic amylase

brush border enzymes

91
Q

what does the hydrolysis reaction turn into

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

92
Q

contained in plasma membrane of microvilli

carry out some of the final stages of enzymatic digestion

not release into the lumen

A

brush border enzymes

93
Q

chyme must contact the brush border for digestion to occur

A

contact digestion

94
Q

what of chyme ensures contact with the mucosa

A

intestinal churning

95
Q

cotransport (with Na) and facilitated diffusion into brush border cell

facilitated diffusion out of brush border cells –> capillaries

A

absorption of carbohydrate digestion

96
Q

breaks down proteins

A

proteases

97
Q

protein in the stomach

A

pepsin

98
Q

protein in duodenum

A

trypsin

99
Q

in protein digestion, polypeptides are digested in to what

A

oligopeptides

100
Q

in protein digestion of brush border enzymes, oligopeptides are turned into what

A

amino acids

101
Q

transport proteins at brush border are turned into

A

brush border cells

102
Q

AA cotransport in brush border cell –> facilitated diffusion out of brush border cells –> capillaries

A

absorption in protein digestion

103
Q

breaks down fats

A

lipases

104
Q

10-15% of lipids

A

lingual lipase and gastric lipase

105
Q

in fat digestion, the stomach emulsifies the fat

A

emulsification droplets –> into duodenum –> coated with lecithin and bile acids

106
Q

in fat digestion the bile acids are then broken down into smaller droplets then

A

larger surface area –> pancreatic lipase acts on the droplets

107
Q

in fat digestion, triglycerides in droplets

A

after stomach

bile added –> pancreatic lipase

monoglycerides
fatty acids

108
Q

in fat digestion

endoplasmic reticulum takes monoglycerides and fatty acids and turns it into

A

triglycerides

109
Q

in fat digestion

the golgi apparatus turns triglycerides, cholesterol, carrier proteins, and phospholipids into

A

chylomicrons

110
Q

diffusion into brush border cells –> chylomicrons exocytose out of brush border cells –> lacteal

A

absorption in fat digestion

111
Q

fat transport

A

lymphatic system –> circulatory system

carries chylomicrons to blood

112
Q

structures of large intestine

A

appendix - immune cells
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid
rectum
anal canal
anus

113
Q

1000+ species

extract nutrients we cannot (cellulose and other plant-based structures)

helps synthesize vitamins B and K

A

gut microbiome in large intestine

114
Q

we get extra nutrients

bacteria get habitat and nutrients

product of bacterial digestion/metabolism

A

mutually beneficial and gas

115
Q

what does large intestine reabsorb

A

water and electrolytes

116
Q

70% water and 25% solid ( 30% bacteria, 30% fiber, 10-20% fat)

A

defecation

117
Q

involuntary; stretch signals -> relaxation reflex

A

internal anal sphincter

118
Q

voluntary muscle in large intestine

A

external anal sphincter

119
Q

glucose metabolism:

glucose –> 2 pyruvate

A

glycolysis

120
Q

glucose metabolism:

pyruvate –> lactate

A

anaerobic fermentation

121
Q

glucose metabolism:

pyruvate –> Co2 + H2O

A

aerobic respiration

122
Q

glycolysis steps

A
  1. 1 phosphate added from ATP
  2. 1 phosphate added from ATP
  3. split into 2 C3 fragments
  4. 2 phosphates added
  5. phosphates removed, added to ADP -> ATP
123
Q

anaerobic fermentation

A

muscles with no oxygen available

RBCs (no mitochondria)

NAD must be replenished

NADH donates electrons to pyruvate –> NAD + lactate

lactate travels to liver -> glucose 6-phosphate G6P -> glycogen or glucose

124
Q

citric acid cycle

A

aerobic respiration

125
Q

electron transport chain

A

oxidize NADH + H and FADH2 -> transfer energy to form ATP

series of transport molecules along inner mitochondrial membrane
-> pass electrons along enzyme complexes
-> enzyme complexes pump H into intermembrane space (proton pump)
-> generates a proton-motive force

126
Q

drops in free energy with electron transfers drives the proton pumping –>

A

produces a proton-motive force = potential energy

127
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

chemiosmotic coupling

128
Q

steps of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. in oxidative phosphorylation an e- passed from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen = water
  2. generates a proton gradient across inner mito membrane

3 drives the production of ATP by ATP synthase

129
Q

sugars and amino acids –> fats

c3 glycolysis intermediate –> glycerol

acetyl-CoA -> fatty acid

glycerol + 3FAs –> triglyceride

A

lipogenesis

130
Q

hydrolysis –> FA + glycerol

FAs –> acetyl-CoA (beta oxidation)

acetyl-CoA -> citric acid cycle –> ATP

fatty acids have long carbon chains -> fat good source of energy

excess breakdown of fats -> ketone bodies

A

lipolysis

131
Q

protein metabolism

protein -> free amino acids

A
  1. amino acids -> cells can use to make proteins
  2. amino acids -> glucose or fat
  3. amino acids -> immediate energy source (deaminate -> keto acid -> acetyl-CoA -> citric acid cycle)

A&P (2 decks)

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