Digestive System Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
A
1.Ingestion and Mastication
2. Propulsion and Mixing
3. Digestion and Secretion
4. Absorption
5. Elimination
2
Q
Consumption of solid or liquid food
usually through the mouth. Mastication
is chewing.
A
Ingestion and
Mastication
3
Q
chewing
A
Mastication
4
Q
____is the movement of food form
one end of the digestive tract to the other.
____ is the movement of food back and
forth in the digestive tract.
A
Propulsion and Mixing
5
Q
____is the movement of food form
one end of the digestive tract to the other.
A
Propulsion
6
Q
______ is the movement of food back and
forth in the digestive tract.
A
Mixing
7
Q
_____ is the breakdown of large
organic molecules into smaller
molecules.
A
Digestion
8
Q
___ is the addition of
liquid, enzymes and mucus to the
ingested food.
A
Secretion
9
Q
___occurs through
mechanical and chemical
A
Digestion
10
Q
Movement of molecules out of the
digestive tract into the blood or lymphatic
system.
A
Absorption
11
Q
Removal of the undigested material
such as fiber from food, and other waste
products from the body as feces
A
Elimination
12
Q
ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYTEM
Consist____ and _____.
A
Digestive/gastrointestinal tract
and Associated organs
13
Q
Serous membrane that lines the Peritoneal cavity
A
PERITONEUM
14
Q
TUNICS/LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT
A
- Serosa
2.Muscularis (outer layer) - Muscularis (inner layer)
- Submucosa
- Mucosa
- Mesentery
15
Q
Visceral peritoneum /
adventitia
A
Serosa
16
Q
Longitudinal smooth muscle
A
Muscularis (Outer layer)
17
Q
Circular smooth muscle
A
Muscularis (inner)
18
Q
Blood and lymphatic vessels and plexus
A
Submucosa
19
Q
3 types of mucosa
A
1.Mucous epithelium
2.Lamina propria
3.Muscularis mucosae
20
Q
the serosa on each side of the tube fuses
together to form a suspensory structure
A
Mesentery
21
Q
General term referring to serous membranes attached to the
abdominal organs.
A
MESENTERY
22
Q
- Associated with small
intestine
A
Mesentery Proper
23
Q
connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and
diaphragm
A
Lesser Omentum
24
Q
connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall
A
Greater Omentum
25
divided into 2 regions: (1) space between the lips or cheeks and the teeth (2) oral cavity proper which lies inside the teeth and houses the tongue
ORAL CAVITY
26
The ____ and ____ are important in the process of mastication.
Lips, cheeks
27
the teeth of an adult is called
Secondary/Permanent
28
childhood teeth is called
primary /deciduous
29
The bulk of the tooth is formed by living cellular calcified tissue called
Dentin
30
The dentin is covered by _____ in the crown region.
enamel
31
The ____ contains pulp which consist of blood vessels
pulp cavity
32
Each teach is held in place within
pockets in the bone called_____
alveoli
33
These alveoli are covered by_____
gingiva/ gums
34
forms the roof of the oral cavity that
separates the oral from nasal cavity
Palate
35
Palate consist of 2 parts:
1. hard palate
2. Soft palate
36
anterior part that contains the bone
Hard palate
37
_____ posterior parts and contains skeletal muscle and connective tissue. _____ is the posterior extension of the soft plate.
Soft palate, Uvula
38
produce saliva and regulated primarily by Autonomic
nervous system with parasympathetic stimulation.
Salivary Glands
39
______serous gland located just anterior to each ear.______ enter the oral cavity through the 2nd upper molar
Parotid glands, Parotid ducts
40
located below the mandible. Produce more serous
than mucous secretions
Submandibular
41
smallest gland and produce mainly mucous secretions
Sublingual glands
42
How many Liters of Saliva daily?
0.5 – 1.5 L daily
43
serous
Watery
44
contains mucin that is stimulated by sympathetic
mucous fluids
45
breaks down starch
Salivary amylase
46
3 main functions of Saliva:
(1) keeps oral cavity moist
(2) protective functions (lysozyme antibacterial enzyme, neutralizes mouth ph
(3)begins the process of digestion – 5 % of total carbohydrates.
47
_____ (chewing), in which food is crushed and mixed with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing Increases efficiency of digestion
Mastication
48
connects the mouth to the esophagus.
Pharynx
49
Pharynx Consist of three parts:
(1)nasopharynx
(2)oropharyn
(3)laryngopharynx
50
moist stratified squamous epithelium, that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It is approx. 25 cm long and lies anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea.
ESOPHAGUS
51
is a muscular hollow organ which temporarily stores ingested food and continue the process of mechanical digestion.
Stomach
52
Made up of simple columnar epithelium. It has a ‘J’ shape, and features a lesser and greater curvature.
Stomach
53
Four major regions of stomach:
1. cardia
2. fundus
3. body
4. pylorus
54
semifluid mixture of food and gastric secretions
Chyme
55
_____ release by the stomach ( Gastrin) and intestine help regulate the gastric secretion
Hormones
56
Stomach secretions_____ of the Gastric glands include four substances.
2 L
57
kills microorganism and activates the enzyme, pepsin (produced by parietal cells)
Hydrochloric acid
58
(inactive form is pepsinogen) breaks covalent bond of proteins
to from smaller peptide chains (produced by chief cells)
Pepsin
59
lubricates the epithelial cells of the stomach wall (mucous
neck cells & surface mucous cells)
Mucus
60
binds with vit b12 and makes its more readily absorbed
in the small intestine (produced by parietal cells)
Intrinsic factor
61
Stomach Regulated by:
1. Nervous (CNS reflex– medulla oblongata and Local reflex – enteric plexus in
the wall of GT)
2. Hormonal mechanism (hormones produced by stomach and small intestine)
62
3 phase of Stomach secretion
1. Cephalic Phase
2. Gastric Phase
3. Intestinal Phase Phase
63
brain phase of the stomach secretions.
Cephalic Phase
64
produces the greatest volume of gastric secretions.
Activated by the presence of food in the stomach.
Gastric Phase
65
inhibits gastric secretions. of food
in the stomach. It is controlled by
the entrance of acidic chyme into
the duodenum, which initiates
both neural and hormonal
mechanisms
Intestinal Phase Phase
66
Movement in the Stomach:
1. Mixing waves
2. Peristaltic waves
67
weak contractions
Mixing waves
68
strong contractions
Peristaltic waves
69
major function is absorption of nutrient. It is about 6 m long and consist of three parts.
SMALL INTESTINE
70
smallest section (25 cm long)
- described as a C-shaped located
below the stomach that surrounds
the pancreas
Duodenum
71
Receives stomach chyme,
pancreatic juice and bile from liver
and gallbladder via duodenal
ligament. (cholecystokinin and
secretin hormone)
Duodenum
72
The____ marks the division
between the duodenum and the
jejunum
suspensory muscle of
duodenum
73
2.5 m long that absorb sugars,
amino acids, and fatty acids.
Jejunum
74
longest part (3.5 m long)
It absorbs any final nutrients, with major
absorptive products being vitamin B12 and
bile acids.
IlEUM
75
small aggregates of lymphatic tissue found in the
mucosa of the ileum.
Peyer’s patches
76
The small intestine has three
modifications that increase its
surface area about
600-fold
77
The mucosa and submucosa form a series of______ that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract.
circular folds
78
Tiny, fingerlike projections of the
mucosa form numerous______, which
are 0.5–1.5 mm long
villi
79
Each villus is covered by simple columnar epithelium. numerouscytoplasmic extensions, called
microvilli
80
Contains mainly mucus (duodenal glands and goblet cells), ion and water
Secretions of Small Intestine
81
Most of the intestinal secretions entering the small intestine is produced by the ___________ with addition from the secretions of liver and pancreas.
intestinal mucosa
82
4 cells in Secretions of Small Intestine:
1. Absorptive cells
2. Goblet cells
3. Granular cells
4. Endocrine cells
83
produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food.
Absorptive cells
84
produce protective mucus
Goblet cell
85
help protect intestinal epithelium from bacteria
Granular cells
86
produce regulatory hormones
Endocrine cells
87
The epithelial cells in the intestinal walls produce two major enzyme groups
(1) Peptidase- proteins to amino acids
(2) disaccharides – disaccharides to monosaccharides
88
proceed along the length of the intestine for variable
distances and cause the chyme to move along the small intestine
Peristaltic contractions
89
are propagated for only short distances and
mix intestinal contents
Segmental contractions
90
The largest internal organ and weights about 1.36 kg.
Liver
91
takes oxygen rich blood to the liver
Hepatic artery
92
carries blood that is oxygen poor but rich in absorbed nutrients and other substances form digestive tract
Hepatic portal vein
93
Blood exit through the hepatic vein
Hepatic vein
94
processes nutrient and
detoxifies harmful substances form
the blood.
Liver
95
The liver produce and secretes about
600 -1000 L of bile each day.
96
complex alkaline solutions
that contain bile salts, bile
pigments (BILIRUBIN), cholesterol,
lipids, lipid soluble hormone, and
lecithin( mixture of
phospholipids).
Bile
97
can remove sugar from the blood ands store it as glycogen
Liver
98
can remove sugar from the blood and
Liver
99
composed of both endocrine and
exocrine tissues
Pancreas
100
pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans that
produce the hormone insulin and glucagon.
Endocrine
101
composed of acinar glands. Acini cells produce
digestive enzymes that empties into the pancreatic duct.
EXOCRINE
102
The exocrine secretions of the pancreas neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the small intestine from the stomach.
Function of pancreas
103
The pancreatic enzymes are important in digesting all major classes of foods.
• The major protein digesting enzyme (PROTEOLYTIC) are (1)Trypsin (2)chymotrypsin and (3) carboxypeptidase.
Function of pancreas
104
continue the polysaccharide digestion that began in the
oral cavity.
Pancreatic amylase
105
(lipid digesting enzyme)
Lipase
106
degrade DNA and RNA into nucleotides.
Nucleases
107
It extends from ileocecal junction to the anus
Large Intestines
108
Absorbs water and converted into____\
feces
109
process of elimination of feces
Defecation
110
proximal end of the
large intestines where it joins
the small intestine in the
ileocecal junction.
Cecum
111
Located on the right lower quadrant of the
abdomen.
Cecum
112
Attached to the cecum is the___
Appendix
113
approximately 1.5 – 1.8 m long and can be divided
into four parts: ascending,transverse, descending and
sigmoid (terminal portion).
Colon
114
The mucosal lining of the colon is___
Crypts
115
crypts contains many mucous producing ______
goblet cells.
116
straight muscular
tube that begins in the
termination of sigmoid colon
and anal canal.
Rectum
117
the last 2-3 cm of digestive tract. Begins at the inferior end of rectum and ends at the anal canal.
Anal Canal
118
pancreas _____ and posterior to the stomach
Retroperitoneal
119
The ______ is a large muscular organ that
occupies most of the oral cavity.
tongue
120
The _______ is composed od smooth muscle and is relatively thick in the rectum compared to the rest of the digestive tract.
muscular tunic
