Digestive System

Question 1

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Answer 1

To bring essential nutrients into the internal environment so that they are available to each cell of the body.

Question 2

What does the digestive system do to food?

Answer 2

Breaks down food so that it can be absorbed and utilized in the body.

Question 3

What does the digestive system absorb?

Answer 3

Absorbs water, minerals, and vitamins.

Question 4

What does the digestive system process and eliminate?

Answer 4

Processes and eliminates waste.

Question 5

What are the two main groups of the digestive system?

Answer 5

Mouth (oral cavity), Tongue, Esophagus, Liver, Gallbladder, Small intestine, Anus, Pharynx, Stomach, Pancreas, Large intestine, Appendix, Anal canal.

Question 6

What are the parts of the small intestine?

Answer 6

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum.

Question 7

What are the parts of the large intestine?

Answer 7

Transverse colon, Descending colon, Ascending colon, Cecum, Sigmoid colon.

Question 8

What is the alimentary canal?

Answer 8

A continuous coiled hollow tube; pathway that food takes from mouth to anus.

Question 9

What are accessory digestive organs?

Answer 9

Organs that help the organs of the alimentary canal carry out their digestive role.

Question 10

What glands are considered salivary glands?

Answer 10

Parotid gland, Sublingual gland, Submandibular glands.

Question 11

What are the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 11

Mouth, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Anus

Question 12

What are the parts of the small intestine?

Answer 12

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Question 13

What are the parts of the large intestine?

Answer 13

Transverse colon, Descending colon, Ascending colon, Sigmoid colon, Appendix

Question 14

What are the salivary glands?

Answer 14

Parotid gland, Sublingual gland, Submandibular gland

Question 15

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 15

The liver processes nutrients and detoxifies harmful substances.

Question 16

What is the role of the pancreas?

Answer 16

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones.

Question 17

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 17

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile.

Question 18

What is the anal canal?

Answer 18

The anal canal is the terminal part of the digestive tract.

Question 19

Assessors digestive organs?

Answer 19

Salivary glands
Teeth
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder

Question 20

What is ingestion in the digestive system?

Answer 20

Ingestion is getting food and liquids into the mouth.

Question 21

What is secretion in the digestive system?

Answer 21

Secretion involves the release of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes by accessory digestive organs and specialized epithelial cells lining the GI tract.

Question 22

What does motility/propulsion refer to?

Answer 22

Motility/propulsion refers to moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another.

Question 23

What is peristalsis?

Answer 23

Peristalsis is characterized by alternating waves of contraction.

Question 24

What is segmentation in the digestive system?

Answer 24

Segmentation is the process of moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing.

Question 25

What is digestion?

Answer 25

The process by which food is broken down into absorbable molecules.

Question 26

What is mechanical digestion?

Answer 26

The mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue, churning of food in the stomach, and segmentation in the small intestine.

Question 27

What occurs during mechanical digestion?

Answer 27

Food molecules are dissolved and mixed with digestive enzymes.

Question 28

What is chemical digestion?

Answer 28

The breakdown of large molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into smaller absorbable molecules.

Question 29

What catalyzes chemical digestion?

Answer 29

Digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.

Question 30

What is absorption in digestion?

Answer 30

End products of digestion move from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into blood or lymph (via epithelial cells).

Question 31

What substances can be absorbed without digestion?

Answer 31

Vitamins, ions, cholesterol, and water can be absorbed without first undergoing digestion.

Question 32

What is defecation?

Answer 32

Elimination of indigestible substances, dead cells, and bacteria as faeces.

Question 33

What is the generalised structure of the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 33

The gastrointestinal tract consists of the following layers: Epithelium, Lamina Propria, Muscularis mucosa, MUCOSA, SUBMUCOSA, Circular muscle, MUSCULARIS, Longitudinal muscle EXTERNA, SEROSA (or adventitia).

Question 34

What is the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract composed of?

Answer 34

The mucosal layer is composed of Epithelium, Lamina Propria, and Muscularis mucosa.

Question 35

What is found in the submucosal layer?

Answer 35

The submucosal layer contains submucosal glands.

Question 36

What are the two types of muscle in the muscularis layer?

Answer 36

The muscularis layer contains Circular muscle and Longitudinal muscle EXTERNA.

Question 37

What is the outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 37

The outermost layer is called SEROSA (or adventitia).

Question 38

What is an example of a mesentery?

Answer 38

An example of a mesentery is the Peritoneum.

Question 39

What is associated with large accessory digestive organs?

Answer 39

The duct of large accessory digestive organs is associated with them.

Question 40

What is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 40

The Mucosa.

Question 41

What is the surface epithelium?

Answer 41

It is part of the mucosa.

Question 42

What is the submucosal plexus also known as?

Answer 42

Meissner's plexus.

Question 43

What is the lamina propria?

Answer 43

Areolar connective tissue that is rich in blood and lymphatic vessels, containing immune cells and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

Question 44

What does the submucosa contain?

Answer 44

Glands in submucosa.

Question 45

What is the muscularis mucosae?

Answer 45

A thin layer of smooth muscle fibers.

Question 46

What are the two types of muscle in the muscularis layer?

Answer 46

Circular muscle and longitudinal muscle.

Question 47

What is the serosa composed of?

Answer 47

Areolar connective tissue and epithelium.

Question 48

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

Answer 48

Also known as Auerbach's plexus, it is involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility.

Question 49

What type of epithelium is found in the oral cavity?

Answer 49

Stratified squamous epithelium, partially keratinized (e.g. gums, hard palate). ## Footnote Absent muscularis mucosae.

Question 50

What type of epithelium is found in the esophagus?

Answer 50

Stratified squamous, non-keratinized.

Question 51

What are the types of epithelium?

Answer 51

Transitional, Simple squamous, Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar, Stratified squamous, Stratified cuboidal, Pseudostratified columnar.

Question 52

What is the primary function of the stomach?

Answer 52

The stomach is specialized for the production of digestive acid and enzymes.

Question 53

What type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

Answer 53

The stomach has an abrupt transition to simple-columnar epithelium, containing mucus-secreting cells.

Question 54

What is the role of mucus-secreting cells in the stomach?

Answer 54

Mucus-secreting cells protect the gastric mucosa from acid and enzymes.

Question 55

What are gastric pits?

Answer 55

Gastric pits are invaginations in the stomach that open into gastric glands.

Question 56

What do gastric glands contain?

Answer 56

Gastric glands contain acid-secreting cells and enzyme-secreting cells.

Question 57

What type of epithelium is the mucosa of the stomach?

Answer 57

The mucosa of the stomach is made up of stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 58

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

Answer 58

Specialised for absorption of nutrients.

Question 59

What type of epithelium lines the small intestine?

Answer 59

Simple columnar epithelium (absorptive & secretory lineages).

Question 60

How is the small intestine organised to increase absorption?

Answer 60

Organised into crypt-villus structures.

Question 61

What does the lamina propria contain?

Answer 61

A prominent population of immune cells including some organised lymphoid tissue.

Question 62

What are lacteals?

Answer 62

Blind-ended lymphatic capillaries extending into villi.

Question 63

What is the structure of the colon?

Answer 63

The colon has crypts but no villi, which are flattened at birth.

Question 64

What type of epithelium is found in the anal canal?

Answer 64

The anal canal is lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.