digestive system

Question 1

what type of digestion takes place in the mouth

Answer 1

both mechanical and chemical

Question 2

how does mechanical digestion take place in the mouth

Answer 2

mastication: chewing of the food using the teeth

Question 3

where is saliva secreted from and what does it release

Answer 3

saliva is released from our 3 saliva glands which contains mucus to lubricate food and salivary amylase to begin chemical digestion of starch

Question 4

how does chemical digestion take place in the mouth

Answer 4

salivary amylase starts breaking down carbohydrates

Question 5

what nutrient group does the mouth digest

Answer 5

carbohydrates, starch into disaccharide maltose

Question 6

what is the function of salivary amylase

Answer 6

to begin chemical digestion

Question 7

what is peristalsis

Answer 7

a series of wavelike muscle contractions that pushes the bolus in front moving it along the digestive tract

Question 8

what type of digestion happens in the stomach

Answer 8

both mechanical and chemical

Question 8

what helps food move down the oesophagus

Answer 8

the secretion of mucus that lubricates the inner lining and helps food move smoothly

Question 9

how does chemical digestion take place in the stomach

Answer 9

gastric juices start breaking down protein

Question 10

how does mechanical digestion take place in the stomach

Answer 10

muscular contractions churn food into gastric juices

Question 11

what is chyme and how is it produced

Answer 11

thick soupy liquid produced from the stomach muscles churning food and gastric juices together

Question 12

name the 3 stomach muscles

Answer 12

1. circular
2. longitudinal
3. oblique

Question 13

what direction does the circular stomach run

Answer 13

it is wrapping around

Question 14

what direction does the longitudinal muscle run

Answer 14

top to bottom

Question 15

what direction does the oblique stomach muscle move

Answer 15

on an angle

Question 16

what nutrient group does the stomach digest

Answer 16

proteins

Question 17

what is the mucosa and what does it do

Answer 17

the lining of the stomach, it secrets the gastric juices through specialised pits

Question 18

what is the pyloric sphincter

Answer 18

a ring shaped muscle regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum

Question 19

what are the components of gastric juice

Answer 19

hydrochloric acid, mucus, pepsin

Question 20

how long does food stay in the stomach for

Answer 20

2-8 hours

Question 21

on average how long is the small intestine

Answer 21

6-7m

Question 22

what are the 3 fluids contained in the small intestine

Answer 22

1. pancreatic juice
2. bile
3. intestinal juice

Question 23

describe the small intestine

Answer 23

receives chyme from the pyloric sphincter, the lining secrets intestinal juices and is lined with villi for absorbing food

Question 24

what is the pH of pancreatic juice

Answer 24

an 8

Question 25

why is pancreatic juice's pH an 8

Answer 25

to neutralise the acid of the material from the stomach, the enzymes in the pancreatic juice dont work an acidic environment

Question 26

what nutrient group does the pancreatic amylase break down

Answer 26

breaks down starch into disaccharide maltose

Question 27

what nutrient group does the pancreatic protease break down

Answer 27

proteins

Question 28

what nutrient group does the pancreatic lipases break down

Answer 28

fats into fatty acid and glycerol

Question 29

name the 3 parts the small intestine are made up of

Answer 29

1,duodenum 2.jejunum 3. ileum

Question 30

what is the function of bile

Answer 30

important for mechanical digestion of fats, it emulsifies the fats breaking it into tiny droplets

Question 31

what is pancreatic juice produced by

Answer 31

the pancreas

Question 32

what is bile produced by

Answer 32

liver

Question 33

what is intestinal juice produced by

Answer 33

lining of the small intestine

Question 34

what type of digestion is pancreatic juice

Answer 34

chemical

Question 35

what type of digestion is bile

Answer 35

mechanical

Question 36

what type of digestion is intestinal juice

Answer 36

chemical

Question 37

what are the contents in pancreatic juice (the 4 pancreatic enzymes)

Answer 37

1.pancreatic amylase 2.pancreatic protease 3.pancreatic lipases 4.ribonucleus and deoxyribonuncleus

Question 38

what nutrient group does ribonucleus and deoxyribonucleus break down

Answer 38

RNA and DNA

Question 39

what conetnts are in bile

Answer 39

bile salts and bile pigments

Question 40

what contents are in intestinal amylase breakdown

Answer 40

breaks down disaccharides into simple sugars

Question 41

what contents is in intestinal juices

Answer 41

1.PROTEINS - peptidases 2. FATS - lipases 3. AMYLASE - sucrose/lactase

Question 42

what does intestinal peptidases break down

Answer 42

breaks down peptides to amino acids

Question 43

what does the intestinal lipases break down

Answer 43

continues to break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 44

what are villi

Answer 44

tiny finger-like projections that line the small intestine, its job is to increase surface area and absorb food

Question 45

what is the name of the whole track of the digestive system

Answer 45

alimentary canal

Question 46

what happens when the pyloric sphincter relaxes

Answer 46

the food can pass through the the stomach

Question 47

pepsinogen

Answer 47

the inactive enzyme

Question 48

pepsin

Answer 48

pepsinogen mixed with hydrochloric acid to create the active enzyme that breaks down protiens

Question 49

what is the purpose of hydrochloric acid in the digestive juice

Answer 49

1. kills bacteria 2. activates the pepsinogen

Question 50

what is the purpose of pepsinogen in the digestive juice

Answer 50

breaks down proteins one activated starts not activated so it doesn't digest the stomach lining

Question 51

what is the purpose of mucus in the digestive juice

Answer 51

it protects the stomach lining

Question 52

what do bile salts do

Answer 52

emulsify fats: break down fats into physically smaller droplets

Question 53

what are bile pigments?

Answer 53

a waste product found in the faeces gives poo its brown colour it comes from broken down red blood cells

Question 54

4 ways the small intestine can create a large internal SA

Answer 54

1. very long 6-7m 2. the lining (mucosa) has folds that extend into the interior of the small intestine 3. villi 4. microvilli

Question 55

what is the function of the villi

Answer 55

to absorb nutrients

Question 56

how big are villi

Answer 56

about 1mm

Question 57

3 ways the villi is suited to its function

Answer 57

1. single layer of cells 2. the lacteal is surrounded by blood capillaries 3. muscular movements

Question 58

how does a single layer of cells help the villi

Answer 58

the thinness reduces the distance the nutrients needs to travel into the blood stream

Question 59

how does the lacteal being surrounded by blood capillaries help the villi

Answer 59

efficient nutrient absorption in the small intestine

Question 60

how do muscular movements help the villi

Answer 60

constantly brings the villi into contact with a different part of the intestinal contents because the contents are constantly changing

Question 61

what is the function of a lacteal?

Answer 61

substances that are absorbed into the lacteals are transported into the lymph system which eventually empties into the blood through the subclavian vein

Question 62

describe the structure of the large intestine

Answer 62

1.5m long larger in diameter than the small intestine made up of the rectum, colon, caecum and anus (plus the appendix attached to the caecum

Question 63

what does the large intestine secrete

Answer 63

a large amount of mucus to help faeces move through

Question 64

how long does it take for substances to pass through the small intestine

Answer 64

18 - 24 hrs

Question 65

describe how food is broken down in the large intestine

Answer 65

the bacteria breaking down much of the remaining organic compounds

Question 66

what materials are absorbed through the large intestine

Answer 66

vitamins, minerals and nutrients

Question 67

describe faeces

Answer 67

the semi solid material left after water absorption and bacterial action

Question 68

what is the composition of faeces

Answer 68

water, undigested food, bacteria, bile pigments and remains of cells that have broken away from the alimentary canal lining

Question 69

why is defecation referred to as elimination rather than excretion?

Answer 69

excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes, the contents of faeces isn't metabolic wastes but the removal of undigested food so elimination is better suited.

Question 70

what is the caecum

Answer 70

a pouch where the large intestine and small intestine join

Question 71

how long is the caecum

Answer 71

6cm

Question 72

what is the colon

Answer 72

the longest part of the large intestine, normally is a U shape

Question 73

what is the anus

Answer 73

it has an anal sphincter that expels faeces

Question 73

what is the rectum

Answer 73

the last part of the large intestine. it uses peristalsis to push the faeces into the anus

Question 74

what is the organic compound of carbohydrates made up of

Answer 74

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 75

what is the organic compound of protein made up of

Answer 75

carbon hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and phosphate

Question 76

what is the organic compound of lipids made up of

Answer 76

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen