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Physio Final > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

What is at the end of the large intestine?

A

Sigmoid colon

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2
Q

Layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Mucularis Externa
Serosa/Adventitia

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3
Q

Layers of mucosa

A

Epithelial cells
Lamina propria- with lymph nodes
Muscularis mucosae (circular & longitudinal muscles)

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4
Q

Submucosa parts

A

Vascular- blood vessel & lympathic channels

Submucosal plexus/extrinsic nerve- autonomic innervation that controls muscularis mucosae

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5
Q

What controls the muscularis mucosae?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus/autonomic extinsic control

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6
Q

Muscularis externa controls

A

segmented contractions & peristaltic movement

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7
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus?

A

In between circular & longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa

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8
Q

What effect does the myenteric nerve plexus have?

A

Extrinsic nerve control from autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

Serosa/adventitia

A

Outermost layer/connective tissue to abdominal wall

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10
Q

Folds within stomach

A

Rugae

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11
Q

Folds within small intestine

A

Plaeca circularis

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12
Q

What anchors thin & thick filaments in the smooth muscle?

A

Dense bodies, no sarcomere

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13
Q

What is the ratio of thin to thick filaments in the smooth muscle?

A

16:1

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14
Q

What is the difference in myosin heads of smooth muscle?

A

Stacked vertically instead of longitudinally

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15
Q

Does smooth muscle have troponin & tropomyosin?

A

NO

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16
Q

What does smooth muscle contraction depend on?

A

Extracellular calcium

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17
Q

What happens has the smooth muscle is stretched further?

A

Stretch, myofilaments settle at optimal position & contract even further

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18
Q

Where are the receptors for single-unit smooth muscles?

A

Around entire length of muscle, not just at neuromuscular junction

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19
Q

Which type of smooth muscle has more gap junctions?

A

Single unit smooth muscle

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20
Q

Examples of single unit smooth muscle?

A

Digestive tract

Uterus

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21
Q

Mutipleunit smooth muscle

A

Every cell gets a varicosity :lower nerve to cell ratio
Each cells recieves its own stimulation
Less gap junctions

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22
Q

Separate innervation v. Activation all together

A

Multiunit v. Single unit

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23
Q

What don’t smooth muscle filaments have?

A

Resting length or origen & insertion points

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24
Q

Where are slow waves faster?

A

Higher up the duodenum

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25
What generates slow waves?
Cells of Cajal
26
What is the effect of ACh muscarinic receptors at the smooth muscle & heart muscle?
Heart- B/G subunit opens K+ channels- hyperpolarization/slow heart Smooth muscle- a subunit closes K+ channels-->Na+/Ca2+ diffuses in Contractions with calcium & depolarization
27
What is the time length of slow waves?
~5 seconds
28
Activation of smooth muscle activation
Depolarization causes Ca2+ to come in & bind to calmodulin Calmodulin-Ca2+ complex initiates myosin light chain kinase to phosphorylate myosin light chain
29
What causes smooth muscles to stop contracting
Action potential is gone, Ca2+ goes away | Myosin phosphatase takes off phosphate from myosin light chain
30
What doesnt change with extrinsic or hormonal stimulation in the slow wave?
Frequency of the slow wave
31
What changes with extrinsic /hormonal stimulation in slow waves?
Height/amplitude of slow wave
32
What do more action potentials cause in the smooth muscle?
Stronger contraction
33
Rectum slow waves/min
17/min
34
Which has more slow waves/min stomach or intestine?
Intestine
35
What is the effect of norepi on the slow wave action potentials
decrease the action potentials & inhibit peristalsis
36
A greater depolarization causes?
More calcium to enter, stronger contraction
37
What do the circular muscles do?
Segmented mixing
38
What do longitudinal waves do?
Propels nutrients down digestive tract
39
What are the 4 main digestive processes
Motility Secretion Digestion Absorption
40
Where are peristaltic movements fastest?
Esophagus
41
Where is skeletal muscle in the digestive system?
Ends of the digestive tract
42
Most of the secretions of the digestive system require?
Energy
43
What kind of breakdown is digestive breakdown?
Hydrolytic
44
Where is most of absorption?
Small intestine
45
How does nutrients get into capillary system?
Bulk flow
46
Where do lipids go once they are absorbed?
Lymphatic system- circulate in thoracic duct & get dumped back into plasma
47
Where are the major salivary glands
Parotid,sublingual, submandibular
48
What protein is contained in saliva?
Amylase, lysozyme
49
What are the phases of swallowing/deglutition?
Oropharyngeal | Esophogeal
50
Where is the swallowing center in the brain?
Medulla
51
What must happen in order to stimulate esophageal phase?
Pressoreceptors on the back of the pharynx touched by tongue
52
Esophageal phase of swallowing?
Upper esophogeal sphincter opens Epiglottis closes over glottis opening to trachea Stretch causes depolarization of smooth muscle further down & espohagus contracts contraction spread bc they are single unit
53
What muscle lines up longitudinally with the esophagus?
Trachealis muscle
54
How long are skeletal muscle action potentials?
1-2 milliseconds
55
How long are cardiac muscle action potentials?
250-300 milliseconds
56
How long are smooth muscle action potentials?
3+ seconds
57
What is the rate of action potentials in the duodenum?
12 contractions/min
58
What material is made in the stomach?
Chyme
59
Where are most of the secetions in the stomach?
Body
60
Where is most HCl secreted
Body
61
Where is most gastrin secreted?
Antrum
62
Is there much absorption in stomach?
No
63
What is mainly broken down in the stomach?
Protein by pepsinogen-->pepsin
64
Gastric motility phases?
Gastric filling Gastric storage Gastric mixing Gastric emptying
65
Gastric smooth muscles are very?
Compliant- not very much tension with increase of food
66
What happens as food enters the stomach?
Slow waves brought up to threshold so that more contractions further down in stomach
67
What happens during the gastric emptying phase of digestion?
Antrum contracts to squirt chyme into duodenum
68
What kind of food clears the slowest?
Lipids
69
Why is mucus important in stomach?
Protect stomach lining so low pH won't break it down
70
Chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen
71
Parietal cells
Secrete HCl
72
How much is the total secretions of the stomach per day?
2 L
73
Parietal cell secretion mechanism
Primary active transport: H+/K+ ATP pumps on apical side to lumen Secondary active transport: HCO3- /Cl- transport at basal side to pump HCO3- out Chloride goes into lumen
74
Gastrin
Increase acid secretions in stomach
75
CCK
Decrease acid secretion Increase pancreatic secretions Contract gall bladder In small intestine
76
Secretin
Small intestine Decrease acid secretion Increase pancreatic secretion
77
GIP
Small intestine | Increase insulin release
78
Gastric secretion phases
Cephalic phase Gastric phase Intestinal phase
79
Cephalic phase
Vagus nerve causes increase secretion of HCl & pepsinogen Vagus nerve stimulates pyloric gland area to increase gastrin
80
Gastric phase stimulated by
``` Protein Peptides Distension Caffeine Alcohol ```
81
Gastric phase
Same intrinsic nerve & pyloric gland area secretions
82
What causes excitation in the intestinal phase?
Stimuli in duodenum
83
What is stimulated during the intestinal phase
Intestinal gastrin | Parietal & chief cells
84
What causes inhibition during the intestinal phase?
Fat Acid Hypertonicity Distension
85
What are the enterogastrone hormones?
CCK, GIP, Secretin
86
What happens during inhibition during intestinal phase?
Enterogastrones are released to cause enterogastric reflex to slow things down in the stomach to digest more
87
What cells in the pancreas secrete bicarbonate?
Acini
88
What are pancreatic enolyases used for?
Carb digestion
89
What is trypsin used for?
Protein digestion
90
Where is bicarbonate release in small intestine?
Sphincter of Oddi- combined with common bile duct
91
Hepatic portal system
All veins from stomach & other organs filter back to liver
92
Where is bile made?
Hepatocytes in liver
93
What does bile do?
Emulsify fats
94
What duct leads to the gall bladder?
Cystic duct
95
What causes contractions of the gall bladder?
CCK
96
Which cells have a higher metabolic rate: resting skeletal or hepatic?
Hepatic
97
What are fat droplets absorbed into?
Chylomicrons
98
Is the TAG that is eaten the same as what is in lipid-protein fraction?
No
99
Which protein deliver triglycerides from liver?
VLDL
100
Which protein deliver cholesterol from liver?
LDL
101
Which proteins deliver cholesterol back to the liver to be eliminated?
HDL
102
What is the effect of estrogen in the digestive system?
Anti-athrogenic effec
103
Where do the veins from the intestine go?
To the hepatic vein
104
How long is the duodenum?
25 cm
105
Jejunum makes up how much of the latter portion of the small intestine?
2/5th
106
What valve leads to the large intestine?
Ileocecal
107
pKa of bicarbonate
6.8
108
What secretions are in duodenum?
``` Bicarb Pancreatic lipase Disaccharidases Peptidases Phosphatase On microvilli ```
109
What does the ileum mostly absorb?
Bile salts, B12, water, electrolytes
110
Main function of large intestine?
Increase water & electrolyte uptake & form fecal material
111
Where is there an increase in goblet cells?
IN between small & large intestine
112
Enterocytes
Tall columnar cells of intestinal tract

Physio Final (10 decks)

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