Digestive system Flashcards by E C

types of feeding methods

filter/suspension feeders 
detritivores (deposit feeders)
fluid feeders 
carnivores 
herbivores 
omnivores 
symbiotic-autotroph bearers (carry other organisms but produce nutrients for them)

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size and filter/suspension feeders

e. g. whales/crinoid

v. big or v.small

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example of a symbiotic-autotroph bearer

tube worm

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two mechanism which link functions of digestive tract with outside world

hunger mechanism

thirst mechanism

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Hunger mechanism hormones

grelin - feel hungry (produced by stomach)

leptin - feel satiated (produced by adipose cells)

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leptin resistance

leads to obesity

no longer feel hungry

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order of choice of source of energy in body (human)

carbohydrate
fats
protein

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why does energy production decrease with different sources of energy than carbohydrate?

fats (glycerol & fatty acids) and proteins (amino acids) come in on cycle later on than with carbohydrate and therefore potential ATP production from missed steps is lost

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types of extracellular digestion (evolution)

gastrovascular cavity

2. set of complete tubes

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motility - muscles

smooth muscle under autonomic control 
BOTH tonic (low tone contraction)  and phasic (periodical contractions triggered)

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general aspects of digestion

motility
secretion
digestion
absorption

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control of digestive system

Autonomous smooth muscle
Local sensory receptors
Intrinsic nerves
Extrinsic nerves (sympathetic &amp; parasympathetic)
GIT hormones

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4 basic layers of tissue in digestive tract

outermost layer - seroza

conducting & contracting - smooth muscle layer +enteric nervous system

connective - submucosa

covering (epithelial tissue) - mucosa

lumen

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enteric nervous system

almost a completely separate nervous system with digestive system

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glands in the digestive tract

liver
pancreas
salivary

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what is the mucosa layer made up of?

epithelium
lamina propria (lymphoid tissue & mucus producing glands
muscularis mucosi (first layer of folding)

what is the mucosa layer made up of?

epithelium
lamina propria (lymphoid tissue & mucus producing glands
muscularis mucosi (first layer of folding) - capillaries and ends of lymphatic system

what does the seroza do?

full support of digestive tract - keeps it in place (epithelium + connective)

what does the submucosa constain?

glands & blood vessels - arterioles and venuoles

what does the mucosa do?

secrete some of digestive enzymes (hold in brush border - microvilli)

interesting difference with snail

radula - grind food with mouth & suck in

spiral valves - where found & what do?

sharks

short digestive tract - used to slow passage of food

cloaca as oppose to anus

combined urinary and digestive tract exit

crop - what is it? & who has it?

gravel in it (birds), grind, pre-stomach

found in birds & insects

mouthpart types - invertebrate

sponge (and suck) - e.g. flies proboscis - suck up food - e.g. butterflies mandibles - e.g. tiger beetle

how to insects intially taken up food?

sucking

mouthparts - vertebrate adaptations

chizel-like teeth - rodents fangs - venom channel in tooth sharks - many rows of teeth cats& dogs drink by lapping

what is different about herbivores teeth?

teeth keep growing

insect midgut

mesenteron

what is the peritrophic (matrix) membrane?

Insect midgut internal body-organ tissue made of chitin floats above aborption layer carries enzymes

ruminant stomach

abommasum - similar to stomach in humans

names of four chambers in ruminant midgut

rumen reticulum omasum abomasum

limitation to ruminant digestion environments

fibrous material can slow down digestion and lead to starvation

birds digestion order

glandular stomach - enzymes secreted | gizzard - grit & grinding

caecum with diet

smaller if eat more meat (carnivorous)

where is the fat body found?

insects - storage organ/lymphatic system/endocrine system/immune/excretion

what is a hepatopancreas?

does same job as liver and pancreas but one organ | - arthropods, molluscs, fish