Digestive System

Question 1

Stages of digestion

Answer 1

Ingestion, Propulsion, Mechanical Digestion,Chemical Digestion, Absorption, Defecation

Question 2

Ingestion

Answer 2

Selective intake of food

Question 3

Propulsion

Answer 3

Swallowing and peristalsis

Question 4

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 4

Physical Breakdown

Question 5

Chemical Digestion

Answer 5

Hydrolysis reactions by enzymes

Question 6

Absorption

Answer 6

Uptake of nutrient molecules in epithelial cell and into blood and lymph

Question 7

Defecation

Answer 7

Elimination of feces

Question 8

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

Answer 8

Mechanical-chewing, churning and segmentation(physical breakdown)
ex: Grinding teeth, churning action of stomach/small intestines

Chemical-enzymes breaks down complex food molecules to basic building blocks
ex :polysaccharides into mono, protein into amino acids, fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids, nucleic acids into nuclotides

Question 9

What components of the body make up the digestive tract?

Answer 9

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large and small intestines

Question 10

What components make up the accessory organs?

Answer 10

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 11

Explain the reflexes involved with defecation?

Answer 11

Intrinsic Defecation Reflex-involuntary

• Works entirely within the myenteric plexus
• Stretch signals travel thru plexus to muscularis, causing it to contract and internal sphincter to relax

Parasympathetic Defecation Reflex-Involuntary

• Strecthing of rectum sends sensory signal to spinal cord
• Pelvic nerves return signal, intensifying peristalsis and relaxing internal and sphincter
• Defecation occurs if external and sphincter is voluntarily relaxed

Question 12

Describe the basic steps to carbohydrate

Answer 12

• Salivary and pancreatic amylase digests polysacharides into disacharides
• disaccharides brokendown into monosaccharides by maltase, sucrae or lactase
• absorbed by blood capillaries

Question 13

Basic steps to protein

Answer 13

• Pepsin begins protein digestion
• Trypsin and Chymotrypsin break protein an polypeptides into small peptides
• Peptidase breaks small peptides into amino acids
• Amino acids absorbed by blood capillaries

Question 14

Basic steps to lipid

Answer 14

Emulsified-fat broken

Question 15

The three segments of the small intestine, and describe what role they play in digestion

Answer 15

Duoenum-recieves pancreatic ducts
Jejunum-Digestion and absorption
Ileum-Lymphatic nodules

Question 16

Describe the flow of blood

Answer 16

Hepatic portal vein-sinosoids-central vein-R&L hepatic vein-IVC

Question 17

Describe the bile through the liver

Answer 17

Bile ductules-R&L hepatic ducts-common hepatic duct-cystic duct-Bile duct-duodenum

Question 18

How many teeth we have as children

Answer 18

20

Question 19

How many teeth we have as adults

Answer 19

32

Question 20

Dental formula for adults

Answer 20

21234

Question 21

Describe the stuctures of the mouth including the terms

Answer 21

Labia(cheecks/Lips)retains food and push it between teeth for chewing

Vestibule-space between cheeks or lips and teeth

Labial Frenulum-median fold that attaches each lip to gum between anterior incisors

Hard and soft palate-separates oral cavity. Hard anterior, Soft posterior

Uvula-closes off nasopharynx during swallowing

Tongue- manipulates food between teeth while avoid being bitten

Cheeks- retains food

Question 22

What is the different types of lingual papille on the tongue?What is the purpose

Answer 22

Sites of taste buds
Vallate
Fungiform
Filiform

Question 23

what purpose do incisors

Answer 23

cutting

Question 24

canine

Answer 24

shred

Question 25

Premolars

Answer 25

Crush and Grind

Question 26

What molars provide while chewing our food

Answer 26

Crush and Grind

Question 27

Gomphosis

Answer 27

Anchors tooth firmly in alveolus

Question 28

Periodontal Ligament

Answer 28

allow slight movement under chewing pressure

Question 29

Gingvia

Answer 29

Covers alveolar bone

Question 30

Crown

Answer 30

Portion above gum

Question 31

Root

Answer 31

Portion below gum, embedded in alveolar bone

Question 32

Neck

Answer 32

where crown, root and gum meet

Question 33

Dentin

Answer 33

Hard yellowish tissue

Question 34

Enamel

Answer 34

Covers crown and neck

Question 35

Cementum

Answer 35

Covers root,living tissue, and can regenerate

Question 36

Root Canal

Answer 36

In root leading to pulp cavity

Question 37

Pulp Cavity

Answer 37

In the crown

Question 38

Which structure above is a noncellular secretion that forms only during development?

Answer 38

Enamel

Question 39

What are the many functions of saliva?

Answer 39

``` Moistens Begins starch and food digestion Cleans teeth inhibit bacterial growth dissolves molecules to stimulate taste buds ```

Question 40

What salivary glands are intrinsic

Answer 40

Scattered thru-out oral mucosa Parotid Submandibular

Question 41

What salivary glands are extrinsic

Answer 41

Connected by ducts | Sublingual