Digestive System

Question 1

What is the digestive system?

Answer 1

The digestive system is made up of the GI tract and accessory organ. It extends from the mouth to the anus

Question 2

The Hollow organs that make up the GI tract are?

Answer 2

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

Question 3

Accessory organ?

Answer 3

Salivary glands: parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Question 4

Where does digestion begin?

Answer 4

Mouth

Question 5

When does the salivary glands activate ?

Answer 5

With sight and smell of food

Question 6

What is a bolus?

Answer 6

Food ingested and masticated

Question 7

Salivary amylase start what process?

Answer 7

Carbohydrate digestion

Question 8

Lingual lipase start?

Answer 8

Lipid digestion

Question 9

The 3 parts of the pharynx and their functions

Answer 9

Nasopharynx: posterior to nasal cavity transmit air only
Oropharynx: posterior to oral cavity transmits air, food and fluid
Laryngopharynx: posterior to larynx (voice box) transmits air, food and fluid

Question 10

Location of esophagus

Answer 10

Located in the mediastinum, anterior to the spine and posterior to the trachea and heart

Question 11

The esophagus

Answer 11

Extends from pharynx to the stomach

Question 12

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Answer 12

A muscular ring that closes off the esophagus from the stomach to prevent backflow of food

Question 13

Epiglottis

Answer 13

A small flap that folds over the windpipe as you swallow to prevent choking

Question 14

Peristalsis

Answer 14

A series of muscular contractions within the esophagus that delivers food to the stomach

Question 15

The stomach

Answer 15

J shaped muscular organ found in the upper left quadrant of abdomen. Stores food during eating, secretes digestive fluids, and propels chyme into the small intestine

Question 16

Stomach functions

Answer 16

To moisten bolus coming from the esophagus producing chyme

Question 17

Gastric secretions include:

Answer 17

Mucus, HCl, intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase

Question 18

Mucus

Answer 18

Protect stomach lining from digestion

Question 19

HCl

Answer 19

Decrease stomach ph
Activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion
Deactivate salivary amylase stopping CHO digestion

Question 20

Intrinsic factor

Answer 20

Essential for vitamin B12 absorption

Question 21

Gastric lipase

Answer 21

Small amount of lipids digestion

Question 22

Gastroesophageal junction

Answer 22

The inlet to the stomach

Question 23

4 anatomical region of the stomach

Answer 23

The cardia (entrance)
Fundus
Body
Pylorus (outlet)

Question 24

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 24

Circular smooth muscle in the wall of the pylorus that controls the opening between the stomach and the small intestine

Question 25

The small intestine

Answer 25

6 meters. Longest segment of the GI tract, accounting for about 2/3 of the total length.

Question 26

3 parts of the small intestine

Answer 26

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Question 27

Absorption

Answer 27

The process by which nutrients enter the bloodstream through the intestinal walls

Question 28

Ileocecal valve

Answer 28

Controls the flow of digested material from the ileum into the cecal. Prevent reflux of bacteria into the small intestine

Question 29

Common bile duct

Answer 29

Allows the passage of both bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum

Question 30

Appendix

Answer 30

Wormlike sac attached to the cecum

Question 31

Pancreas

Answer 31

Both exocrine and endocrine organ

Question 32

Pancreatic secretions

Answer 32

``` Proteolytic enzymes Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic lipase Bicarbonate ion Deoxyribonuclease ```

Question 33

Bicarbonate ions

Answer 33

Neutralize the acidic chyme passing from the stomach and increase ph for the pancreatic enzymes to work

Question 34

Liver

Answer 34

Largest digestive organ

Question 35

Liver functions

Answer 35

Produces and secretes bile

Question 36

How does bile leave the liver?

Answer 36

Via right and left hepatic ducts which unite to form the common hepatic duct

Question 37

Where does bile get stored and concentrated?

Answer 37

Gallbladder

Question 38

Bile can go directly into the duodenum via

Answer 38

Common bile duct

Question 39

Gallbladder

Answer 39

Sacklike pouch located on the inferior surface of the liver

Question 40

Large intestine is composed of:

Answer 40

Cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

Question 41

How does chyme get converted into feces?

Answer 41

Due to water and salt absorption

Question 42

Parts of the colon

Answer 42

Ascending transverse descending sigmoid (s shaped)

Question 43

What regulates the anal outlet?

Answer 43

A network of striated muscle that forms both the internal and external anal sphincter

Question 44

Sympathetic nerves

Answer 44

Exert an inhibitory effect on the GI tract, decreasing gastric secretions and motility and causing the sphincter and blood vessels to constrict

Question 45

Parasympathetic nerve

Answer 45

Causes peristalsis and increases secretory activities

Question 46

2 major flexures of the rectum

Answer 46

Sacral and anorectal flexure

Question 47

Sacral flexure

Answer 47

Follows the sacrum and coccyx curve

Question 48

Anorectal flexure

Answer 48

Formed the tone of the puborectalis muscle. Contributes to fecal continence

Question 49

Types of anal lesions

Answer 49

``` Fistula anal fissure (ulcer) internal and external hemorrhoids ```

Question 50

Digestion

Answer 50

The breakdown of large food particles into their component parts producing molecules small enough to be absorbed

Question 51

How is digestion achieved?

Answer 51

Mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 52

Mechanical digestion

Answer 52

Large particles broke down into smaller particles via mastication and mixing of food

Question 53

Chemical digestion

Answer 53

Chemical enzymes act on the smaller molecules rendering them readily absorbable

Question 54

Exocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 54

The release of pancreatic juice

Question 55

The oral cavity boundaries:

Answer 55

``` Lips anteriorly Fauces Cheeks laterally Palate Muscles of tongue ```

Question 56

Carbohydrates are broken down into

Answer 56

Monosaccharides

Question 57

Proteins are broken down into

Answer 57

Amino acids

Question 58

Fats (lipid) broken down into

Answer 58

Fatty acid and glycerol