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Science Module > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (inner and outer), serosa

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2
Q

What is the movement of food within the GI tract called?

A

Peristalsis

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3
Q

What are the accessory organs within the digestive system?

A

The liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

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4
Q

The mucosa is made up of _______

A

Epithelial cells

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5
Q

The submucosa is made up of ________

A

Underlying tissue (containing glands, blood vessels, nerves)

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6
Q

The muscularis is made up of _______

A

An inner and outer muscle layer (a third internal layer within the stomach)

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7
Q

What 2 layers does the serosa form?

A

Visceral peritoneum and periental peritoneum (with serous fluid between)

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8
Q

What enzyme does saliva contain?

A

Salivary amylase

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9
Q

What does salivary amylase do in the mouth?

A

Assists with the initial digestion of carbohydrates - converts some to disaccharides.

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10
Q

The glands on the mucosa secrete ________

A

Mucus (lubricant..helps with the movement inside the GI tract) and digestive enzymes (breakdown products from lumen)

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11
Q

The mixture of food and saliva is called ______

A

Bolus

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12
Q

Name the 3 pairs of salivatory glands

A

Parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

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13
Q

Name and describe the 3 stages of swallowing.

A

Oral stage - voluntary muscles (tongue and cheeks) push bolus to pharynx)
Pharyngeal stage - involuntary pharynx muscles propel bolus into oesophagus.
Oesophageal stage - bolus moves by peristalsis into the stomach.

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14
Q

What allows food into the stomach?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

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15
Q

_____ are small pores in the lining of the thick stomach mucous membrane.

A

Gastric Pits

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of secretory glands in the gastric glands and what do they secrete?

A

Mucous cells - mucus

Chief cells- pepsinogen (inactive digestive enzyme) Parietal cells - hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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17
Q

What is the purpose of hydrochloric acid?

A

Activates pepsinogen, converting it to pepsin, allowing it to convert proteins into polypeptides.

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18
Q

_____ is the name of the liquid released from the stomach into the small intestine

A

Chyme

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19
Q

The pyloric canal leads to the ______________ which controls gastric emptying.

A

Pyloric sphincter

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20
Q

______ and ______ stimulate the secretion of gastric glands

A

acetylcholine and gastrin

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21
Q

Taste, smell, food entering stomach cause SYMPATHETIC/PARASYMPATHETIC stimulation by the _________, which releases acetylcholine.

A

parasympathetic , vagus nerve

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22
Q

What is the function of the hormone gastrin? (2)

A

Stimulates gastric glands and increases mitosis in the mucosa - replaces damaged cells to protect outer layers.

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23
Q

Chyme entering the small intestine causes _____ impulses to _______ gastric secretion.

A

Sympathetic, inhibit.

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24
Q

Chyme stimulates the intestinal wall to release _______, which …..

A

Cholecystokinin

decreases gastric motility ( stomach emptying, intestine filling).

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25
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Release pancreatic juice

26
Q

Which cells release pancreatic juice?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

27
Q

Where does pancreatic juice enter the duodenum?

A

At the duodenum papilla (surrounded by the sphincter of oddi/hepatopancreatic sphincter)

28
Q

The entry of pancreatic juice into the duodenum is regulated by ________

A

The hepatopancreatic sphincter/sphincter of oddi

29
Q

What are the enzymes within pancreatic juice and what do they breakdown?

A

Pancreatic amylase - polysaccharides to disaccharides
Pancreatic Lipase - fats to fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleases - digest DNA and RNA
Trypsin, chemotrypsin, carboxypeptidase - proteins, polypeptides, peptides to amino acids.

30
Q

What is the function of bicarbonate ions within the pancreatic juice?

A

Provide an alkaline environment - for best enzyme action and to neutralise acid chyme entering the duodenum.

31
Q

The entry of chyme to the duodenum triggers the _____ to release secretin.

A

mucosa

32
Q

Pancreatic juice secretion is regulated by _____ and _____.

A

Secretin and Cholecystokinin

33
Q

Bile is secreted in the _____ and stored in the _____

A

liver , gallbladder

34
Q

What causes the gallbladder to contract and the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

A

Cholecystokinin

35
Q

What are the functions of bile? (2)

A

Emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
Enables absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol.
(also facilitates the excretion of bilirubin)

36
Q

Name the 3 sections which make up the small intestine.

A

Duodenum, jejunem, ileum

37
Q

What controls entry into the large intestine?

A

Illeocaecal valve (prevents backflow into ileum)

38
Q

The ______ is a double layer of peritoneal membrane

A

Mesentry

39
Q

What are the functions of the mesentry?

A

Supports the jejunem and ileum

Supports blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

40
Q

The ________________ is a double fold of the peritoneum that drapes over the stomach, transverse colon and small intestine.

A

The greater omentum

41
Q

_____ are projections from the mucosa within the small intestine

A

Intestinal villa

42
Q

what is the function of intestinal villa?

A

Better absorption - push into lumen contents to increase surface area and carry the nutrients away from the small intestine

43
Q

Intestinal villa are lined with __________ cells

A

columnar epithelial

44
Q

The connective tissue core of the intestinal villa contain ______ and a ________.

A

Blood capillaries

lacteal (a lymphatic capillary)

45
Q

______ sit at the base between villi.

A

Intestinal glands

46
Q

______ secrete mucus throughout the small intestine.

A

Goblet cells

47
Q

What do intestinal glands secrete and what is the purpose?

A

Watery fluid - brings products for digestion to villi surface,

48
Q

_____ (smaller than intestinal villi) of the cells carry ________ to complete the final phase before absorption into the villus.

A

Microvilli, digestive enzymes

49
Q

What are the digestive enzymes of the microvilli and what do they breakdown?

A

Peptidase - peptides to amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, lactase - disaccharides to monosaccharides
Intestinal lipase - fats to fatty acids and glycerol

50
Q

What are the 4 methods of absorption of nutrients through the small intestine?

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis

51
Q

Monosaccharides are transported into ______ by ______

A

capillaries

facilitated diffusion or active transport

52
Q

Amino acids are transported into ______ by _______

A

active transport

53
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol are transported into _______ by _______.

A

epithelial cells , diffusion

54
Q

What are fatty acids and glycerol converted into within epithelial cells and why?

A

Chylomicrons (tryglycerides surrounded by water soluble proteins)
Allows them to enter lacteals where they are transported along lymphatic vessels to thoracic duct - water soluble so dont clog them

55
Q

Electrolytes are transported by ______ and ______

A

diffusion and active transport

56
Q

Water is transported by ______

A

osmosis

57
Q

Name the sections of the large intestine

A

Caecum
Colon ( ascending, transverse, descending)
Rectum
Anal canal (internal sphincter-involuntary smooth muscle, external sphincter-voluntary skeletal muscle)

58
Q

_____ is not regular in the large intestine - only 4-6 times daily

A

peristalsis

59
Q

Does the large intestine have villi?

A

Nooooooooo

60
Q

____ are pouch like folds within the large intestine

A

Haustra

61
Q

The large intestine involves only some reabsorption of _____ and ______

A

water and electrolytes

62
Q

Faecal matter is forced from the ______ colon into the ______

A

sigmoid , rectum

Science Module (17 decks)

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