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Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of the digestive system as listed in lecture?

(essentially describe the journey of food from beginning to end)

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical Processing
  3. Digestion
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption
  6. Compaction
  7. Excretion
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2
Q

What are the four basic layers of the GI “tube”

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular Externis Layer
  4. Serosa
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3
Q

What layer of the GI “tube” is associated with the lumen?

What are the three components of this layer?

A
  • Mucosa
    1. Epithelium
      • Stratified or simple
    2. Lamina Propria (CT)
      • Glands
      • Immune cells
    3. Muscularis Mucosa
      • Propels content of glands into lumen
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4
Q

What is the Submucosa?

What are three components of the Submucosa.

A

Connective tissue layer.

Conduit for vasculature, nerves and lymphatics

  • immune cells
  • exocrine glands
  • submucosal plexus
    • (part of enteric NS)
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5
Q

The muscularis externis has an inner__________layer and an outer _________ layer.

In the stomach, there is a third muscle layer:

At the beginning and end of the GI tube, this muscular layer is ______.

Has the ________ - muscular part of the enteric NS - controls GI motility (peristalsis)

A

The muscularis externis has an Inner circular smooth mm* and an *Outer Longitudinal smooth mm layer.

In the stomach, there is a third muscle layer: Oblique Smooth mm

At the beginning and end of the GI tube, this muscular layer is skeletal (somatic).

Has the Myenteric Plexus - muscular part of the enteric NS - controls GI motility (peristalsis)

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6
Q

What is the serosa made of?

A

Serosa = serous membrane = simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue

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7
Q

What layer of the GI tube continually produces watery fluid that lubricates the peritoneal surfaces?

A

The Serosa

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8
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

2 layers of serosa

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9
Q

Where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea?

A

The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.

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10
Q

What are the Four Abdominal Quadrants?

A
  1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
  2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
  3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
  4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
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11
Q

What organs would you find in the RUQ (right upper quadrant)?

(6)

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gall bladder
  3. duodenum
  4. head of pancreas
  5. transverse colon
  6. right kidney
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12
Q

What organs would you find in the LUQ (left upper quadrant)? (6)

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Spleen
  3. Body & Tail of Pancreas
  4. Transverse colon
  5. Left Kidney
  6. Jejunum
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13
Q

What (4) organs would you find in the RLQ (Right lower quadrant)?

A
  1. Ileum
  2. Cecum
  3. Appendix
  4. Ascending colon
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14
Q

What organs would you find in the LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant)?

A
  1. Ileum
  2. Descending and sigmoid colon
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15
Q

Which in which abdominal quadrant would you find the

  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Duodenum
  • Head of the pancreas
  • Transverse colon
  • Right Kidney
A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

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16
Q

In which abdominal quadrant would you see the

  • stomach
  • spleen
  • body and tail of pancreas
  • jejunum
  • transverse colon
  • left kidney
A

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

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17
Q

In which quadrant would you find the ileum, cecum, appendix, and ascending colon?

A

Right Lower Quadrant

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18
Q

In which quadrant would you find the ileum and the descending and sigmoid colon?

A

LLQ (left lower quadrant)

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19
Q

What are the three planes of the Abdomen?

A
  1. Midclavicular Plane - middle of clavicles
  2. Subcostal Plane - below the ribs
  3. Intertubercular Plane - tubercles of iliac crests (L5)
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20
Q

What are the 9 regions of the Abdomen?

A
  • Right Hypochondrium / Epigastric Region / Left Hypochondrium
  • Right Flank / Umbilical Region / Left Flank
  • Right Groin / Pubic Region / Left Groin
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21
Q

The serous membrane lining the parietal (abdominal) wall and organs is called the:

What are its five “regions”?

A

Peritoneum

  1. Parietal Peritoneum (orange)
  2. Visceral Peritoneum (blue)
  3. Mesentery (proper) (green)
  4. Greater omentum (red)
  5. Lesser Omentum (purple)
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22
Q

Which membrane (peritoneum) lines the peritoneal cavity (body wall)

A

Parietal Peritoneum

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23
Q

Which membrane lines the peritoneal organs (viscera)

A

Visceral Peritoneum

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24
Q

Which membrane forms a sandwich of visceral peritoneum (2 layers of peritoneum that serves as a conduit for vessels, nerves and lymphatics and also anchors the organs to the body wall)

A

Mesentery

*Know this is 2 layers of serous membrane*

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25
Which membrane is mesentery from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon (apron-like)?
Greater Omentum
26
Which membrane is mesentery from lesser curvature of stomach to liver?
Lesser Omentum
27
Name 10 Retroperitoneal (behind parietal peritoneum) structures:
1. Inferior Vena Cava 2. Right Kidney 3. Duodenum 4. Ascending colon 5. Rectum 6. Urinary Bladder 7. Esophagus 8. Pancreas 9. Left Kidney 10. Descending colon
28
What is included in the Foregut? What vessels supply the foregut?
Foregut: * From abdominal esophagus to descending part of duodenum * Supplied by the **C****eliac Trunk**
29
What is meant by "Midgut"? What vessel supplies the Midgut?
Midgut: * From descending part of duodenum to left colic flexure of transverse colon * Supplied by **Superior Mesenteric Artery**
30
What is meant by "Hindgut"? What vessel supplies the hindgut?
Hindgut: * From Left Colic Flexure of the transverse colon to the Rectum * Supplied by **Inferior Mesenteric Artery**
31
Which 7 structures are supplied by the Celiac Trunk?
1. Abdominal Esophagus 2. Stomach 3. Spleen 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Pancreas 7. Duodenum (of small intestine)
32
Which 7 structures are supplied by the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)?
1. Pancreas 2. Duodenum 3. Jejunum (Sm. Int.) 4. Ileum (Sm. Int) 5. Cecum & Appendix (large intestine) 6. Ascending Colon 7. Transverse Colon
33
Which artery supplies the Ovaries/testes?
Gonadel Artery
34
Which artery supplies the kidneys and adrenal glands?
Renal Artery
35
The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) supplies which 3 structures?
1. Descending colon 2. sigmoid colon 3. rectum
36
What is important about venous return in the digestive system?
All veins meet at the hepatic portal vein to be filtered by the liver
37
The oral mucosa is what type of epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium - protects from abrasion
38
What happens in the oral cavity? (4)
1. Sensory analysis of ingested material 2. Mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, palatal surfaces, cheeks) 3. Lubrication by mixing ingested mat. with saliva and mucous 4. Some chemical digestion * amylase (carbohydrates)
39
What divides the cavities? What divides the pharynx?
Hard palate divides the cavities Soft Palate divides the Pharynx
40
What makes up the oral vestibule?
Space between lips, cheek, and teeth
41
What are the three types of tonsils? What is their purpose?
Immune function 1. Pharyngeal tonsils (associated with pharynx) 2. Palatine tonsils (Associated with palate - see in back of throat) 3. Lingual tonsils (associated with tongue)
42
What part of the tooth is the equivalent of bone? What is the difference?
Dentin is equivalent to bone but without any "living" parts (ie - no osteoblasts) -Needs root and pulp area to get nutrients
43
What type of joint would the tooth - mandible/maxilla joint be considered?
Suture * fibrous articulation * Dentin articulates with bone via connective tissue (periodontal ligament)
44
What are the three regions of the tooth distinguished by? (Crown, neck, Root)
Crown: Part of tooth that is visible Neck: Oral Mucosa (gingiva) Root: Part of tooth in the bone
45
What part of the tooth is associated with the neurovascular bundle (arteries, veins, nerves)?
Root Canals
46
Where does the neurovascular bundle lead into?
The pulp cavity - to supply the dentin
47
What are the four types of tooth in humans?
1. Incisors 2. Canines 3. Premolars 4. Molars
48
The upper dentition in maxillae are innervated by: While the lower dentition in mandible are innervated by:
The upper dentition in maxillae are innervated by: **CN V2 (maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve)** While the lower dentition in mandible are innervated by: **CN V3 (Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)**
49
How many teeth does an average human have?
32 * Central and Lateral Incisors * Canin * 1st and 2nd Premolar * 1st, 2nd, 3rd Molars
50
How many deciduous teeth (milk teeth) do humans have?
~20 No premolars
51
How are deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth?
Root erodes Vasculature atrophies Permanent tooth pushes out deciduous tooth
52
Which group of muscles of the tongue changes shape during speech? (intrinsic or extrinsic)
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
53
Which group of muscles of the tongue contribute to swallowing (push the tongue superiorly and posteriorly)
Extrinsic Muscles * Palatoglossus * Styloglossus * Hyoglossus * Genioglossus
54
The extrinsic muscles of the tongue have an ______ on the tongue and an ________ elsewhere: Tongue to Mandible: _\_\_\_\_-\_\__ Tongue to Hyoid bone: _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ Tongue to Styloid Process: _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ Tongue to Soft Palate:
The extrinsic muscles of the tongue have an _origin_ on the tongue and an _attachment_ elsewhere: Tongue to Mandible: _Genioglossus_ Tongue to Hyoid bone: _Hyoglossus_ Tongue to Styloid Process: _Styloglossus_ Tongue to Soft Palate: _Palatoglossus_
55
Most tongue muscles are innervated by:
Most tongue muscles are innervated by: **CN XII (Hypoglossus Nerve)** The palatoglossus muscle is innervated by the vagus nerve
56
What part of the tongue would you find the lingual tonsils?
Root (Posterior 1/3)
57
What is present on the tongue that helps with mechanical abrasion and houses taste buds?
Papillae 1. Fungiform P. 2. Filiform P. 3. Vallate P.
58
Which two nerves are responsible for general sensation of the tongue?
1. Mandibular (CN V3) 2. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
59
Which two nerves act as taste receptors on the papillae?
1. Facial (CN VII) via **chorda tympani** 2. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
60
Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine? What are the two types of secretion from salivary glands?
Exocrine - release into ducts 1. Serous secretion 2. Mucous secretion
61
What is the difference between serous secretions and mucous secretions from the salivary glands?
1. Serous * Secrete enzymes * Moisten food 2. Mucous * Lubricate passage of food
62
What are four components of saliva?
1. Contains the enzyme, amylase, to initiate the breakdown of carbohydrates 2. Contains buffers to regulate oral pH 3. Contains antibodies - immune 4. dissolves chemicals that stimulate taste buds
63
What are the three salivary glands?
Parotid Sublingual Submandibular
64
Which of the three types of salivary glands is the largest? How much do they contribute to saliva secretion? What type of secretion do they produce (Serous vs Mucous)
Parotid glands * Secretes ~25% of saliva * Serous secretions (Amylase)
65
Where do the parotid glands empty?
In oral vestibule by 2nd Maxillary Molar (Parotid Papilla)
66
The Parotid Glands have _______ innervation by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (parasympathetic or sympathetic; which cranial nerve)
The Parotid Glands have _parasympathetic_ innervation by _CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)_
67
sublingual glands * type of secretion (mucous or serous) * where they are found * salivary contribution * innervation
sublingual glands * type of secretion (mucous or serous): * Mainly mucous (mucin) * where they are found * floor of mouth: **sublingual plica** * salivary contribution * ~5% * innervation * **Parasympathetic**; * **CN VII (facial)**
68
Submandibular Glands: * Type of secretion (serous or mucous) * Where ducts empty * Salivary contribution * Innervation
Submandibular Glands: * Type of secretion (serous or mucous) * Mixture of serous and mucous secretions * Where ducts empty: * Open on either side of **frenulum** (sublingual caruncle) * Salivary contribution * ~70% * Innervation * **Parasympathetic** * **CN VII (facial)**
69
What division of the NS stimulates salivary secretion?
Parasympathetic (autonomic)
70
What nerve innervates the pharynx?
CN X (vagus)
71
The common passageway for food, liquid and air is the:
Pharynx
72
What type of epithelium makes up the pharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ muscles **elevate** soft palate during swallowing
_Palatal_ muscles **elevate** soft palate during swallowing
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ muscles help elevate the larynx and push the bolus towards the esophagus
_Pharyngeal constrictor_ muscles (*superior, middle, inferior*) help elevate the larynx and push bolus towards the esophagus
75
* Tongue muscles contract - pushes tongue _\_\_\_\_\__and _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ * _\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ______ \_\_\_\_\__ muscles contract to close the nasopharynx * Elevation of the _______ ensures closure of the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering trachea * Sequential contraction of the _____ and ______ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ and eventual peristalsis in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Tongue muscles contract - pushes tongue _posterior_ and _superior_ * _Levator and tensor veli palatini_ (*palate*) muscles contract to close the nasopharynx * Elevation of the _pharynx and larynx_ ensures closure of the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering trachea * Sequential contraction of the _middle_ and _superior_ _pharyngeal constrictor muscles_ and eventual peristalsis in the _esophagus_
76
What is peristalsis?
Coordination of circular and longitudinal muscles that moves things forward (propulsion)
77
What is segmentation?
Mainly circular muscle - churn and mix contents (no propulsion)
78
What type of epithelium makes up the esophagus?
Stratified squamous epithelium
79
The esophagus extends from vertebra ____ to \_\_\_\_
The esophagus extends from vertebra _C6_ to _T7_ _(_cricoid cartilage, posterior mediastinum to abdomen; ~25cm long)
80
What sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach?
Cardiac sphincter
81
Which nerve innervates the esophagus?
CN X (vagus)
82
Is the esophagus skeletal or smooth muscle?
Both
83
What five components of the esophagus help prevent **reflux and acid erosion?**
1. cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter) 2. Peristaltic clearance 3. Submucosal glands 4. Stratified squamous epithelium (MANY LAYERS) 5. Mucous from stomach

ANAT 200 (20 decks)

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