digestive system and nutrition

Question 1

gastrointestinal tract

Answer 1

a long hallow tube consisting of accessory glands to release secretions

begins at the mouth and continues through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Question 2

lumen

Answer 2

the hollow area of the tube through which food and fluids travel

Question 3

4 basic layers of the GI tract

Answer 3

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Question 4

mucosa

Answer 4

the innermost layer
mucus secreting to lubricate the lumen

Question 5

submucosa

Answer 5

3rd layer
consists of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

Question 6

muscalaris

Answer 6

2nd layer
responsible for movement of materials through the GI tract and for mixing

Question 7

serosa

Answer 7

1st layer
thin layer of epithelial tissue supportive by connective tissue

Question 8

saliva

Answer 8

salivary glands releasing their secretions

Question 9

salivary amylase

Answer 9

an enzyme that begins to chemically digest starches into shorter chains of sugar

Question 10

pharynx

Answer 10

the passageway commonly called the throat
shared by the respiratory and digestive systems

Question 11

esophagus

Answer 11

the tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

Question 12

peristalsis

Answer 12

rhythmic waves of muscle contraction used to push food along the the esophagus and the rest of the GI

Question 13

stomach

Answer 13

muscular sac

Question 14

three important functions of the stomach

Answer 14

1. storing food and regulating the release of the food to the small intestine
   2.liquefying food
2. carrying out the initial chemical digestion of proteins

Question 15

chyme

Answer 15

mechanical digestion that is mixed with secretions produced by the glands of the stomach into a soupy mixture

Question 16

gastric glands

Answer 16

containing several types of secretory cells

Question 17

pepsin

Answer 17

a protein splitting, digesting enzyme

Question 18

two major functions of the small intestine

Answer 18

chemical digestion and absorption

Question 19

duodenum

Answer 19

the first region of the small intestine that receives chyme from the stomach and digestive juices from the pancreas and liver

Question 20

bile

Answer 20

a mixture of water, ions, cholesterol, bile pigments, and bile salts
plays a role in mechanical digestion

produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and acts in the small intestine

Question 21

villi

Answer 21

small fingerlike projections on the small intestine walls that increase surface area for absorption

Question 22

lacteal

Answer 22

lymphatic vessel in an intestine villus that aids in absorption of lipids

Question 23

pancreas

Answer 23

an accessory organ behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate blood sugar

Question 24

liver

Answer 24

the largest organ in the body that has metabolic and regulatory rules

Question 25

gallbladder

Answer 25

a muscular pear shaped sac that stores, modifies, and and concentrates bile

Question 26

large intestine

Answer 26

final segment of the gastrointestinal tract plays a role in defecation

Question 27

cecum

Answer 27

a pouch that hangs below the junction of the small and large intestines the appendix extends from the cecum

Question 28

appendix

Answer 28

a slender closed pouch that extends from the large intestine near the juncture with the small intestine

Question 29

colon

Answer 29

division of the large intestine

Question 30

three colons

Answer 30

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

Question 31

rectum

Answer 31

receives and temporarily stores the feces

Question 32

anal canal

Answer 32

the canal between the rectum and the anus

Question 33

nutrient

Answer 33

a substance in food that provides energy essential for growth and function

Question 34

lipid

Answer 34

a compound that does not dissolve in water

Question 35

fat

Answer 35

consists of glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 36

low density lipoproteins

Answer 36

a protein carrier in the blood that transports cholesterol into the cells often called the bad form of cholesterol

Question 37

high density of lipoproteins

Answer 37

i lipoprotein made in the liver and released into the blood that transports cholesterol away from the cells to the liver good form of cholesterol

Question 38

carbohydrates

Answer 38

sugars and starches that provide fuel for the human body

Question 39

dietary fiber

Answer 39

nondigestible carbohydrate part of plant foods that form support structures and important for heart and colon health

Question 40

glycemic response

Answer 40

a measure that describes how quickly a serving of food is converted into blood sugar and how much the level of blood sugar is effected

Question 41

protein

Answer 41

consists of one or more chains of amino acids

Question 42

essential amino acids

Answer 42

any of the 9 amino acids the body cannot synthesize and therefore must be supplied in the diet

Question 43

complete proteins

Answer 43

contains ample amount of all the essential amino acids animal sources are generally complete proteins

Question 44

incomplete proteins

Answer 44

proteins that are deficient in one or more essential amino acids plant sources are generally incomplete proteins

Question 45

complementary proteins

Answer 45

combining incomplete proteins to complete your protein intake

Question 46

vitamin

Answer 46

organic compound essential for health and growth

Question 47

mineral

Answer 47

inorganic substances that are not broken down during digestion and are important in regulating cellular processes

Question 48

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 48

minimum energy required to keep an awake resting body alive

Question 49

anorexia nervosa

Answer 49

deliberate self starvation

Question 50

bullimia nervosa

Answer 50

binge eating followed by purging