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digestive system Chp 24 Flashcards

1
Q

function of the digestive system and how many stages its accomplished by?

A

process food, extracts its nutrients, elimate the residue

  • in 5 stages
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2
Q

what are the 5 stages the digestive systems function is accomplished by?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absoprtion
  4. compaction
  5. defecation
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3
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

  • cutting and grinding action of teeth
  • churning of stomach and SI
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4
Q

chemical digestion

A

hydrolysis reactions that break diet macromolecules into usable forms

  • uses digestive enzymes of salivary glands, stomach, pancreas + SI
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5
Q

where does mechanical and chemical digestion take place

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine

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6
Q

what are the 2 anatomical subdivisions of the digestive system

A
  1. digestive tract (alimentary canal)
    musuclar tube from mouth to anus
  2. accessory organs
    - teeth, tongue,salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
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7
Q

what accessory organs of the digestive system has ducts that release enzymes into the digestive tract

A

liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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8
Q

different type of epithelium located throughout digestive tract

A

oral cavity + distal anal cavity = stratified squamos

everything else= simple columnar

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9
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of contraction of circular muscle moving digested food forward the digestive track

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10
Q

segmentation

A

cycles of smooth muscle contraction that break up food bolus into smaller parts

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11
Q

what type of digestion begins in the mouth

A

carbohydrate (starch) digestion via salivary amylase and fat digestion via lingual lipase

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12
Q

what is and does saliva do

A

binds food into soft lubricated mass (bolus)
- is 97-99.5% water with a acidic pH of 6.8-7.0
- has antibacterial antibodies and enzymes
- mucous, salivary amylase, lingual lipase

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13
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands in the oral cavity and what do they secrete

A
  1. parotid glands in the cheek produce 25% of saliva
  2. submandibular glands produce 70% of saliva
  3. sublingual glands produce 5% of saliva (below the tongue)
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14
Q

salivary glands are

A

small glands among the oral tissue that constantly secrete saliva in small amounts

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15
Q

what is the muscular funnel connecting oral cavity to esophagus

A

the pharynx which has pharygeal constrictors that force food down during swallowing by contracting

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16
Q

what sphincter prevents regurgitation of stomach contents

A

lower esophageal sphincter (end of the esophagus)

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17
Q

what are the 3 tissue layers of the digestive tract

A
  1. mucosa (deepest)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa (most superficial)
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18
Q

the components of all 3 tissue layers of the digestive tract

A
  1. mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium (oral and distal anus)
  2. submucosa- esophageal glands secreting lubricant mucus into lumen
  3. muscularis externa- skeletal muscles in upper part and smooth muscle in lower
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19
Q

deglutition is also known as

A

swallowing

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20
Q

what are the 3 phases of deglutition/swallowing

A
  1. buccal phase
  2. pharyngeal phase
  3. esophageal phase
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21
Q

buccal phase of deglutition

A

compression of bolus against hard palate
- retraction of tongue forces bolus into oropharynx
- strictly voluntary
food in mouth between tongue and hard palate

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22
Q

pharyngeal phase of deglutition

A

involuntary, starts with stimulation of receptors on uvula, elevation of larynx to epiglottis, food moved to esophagus

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23
Q

esophageal phase of deglutition

A

involuntary, peristalsis moves food towards stomach

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24
Q

what are the cells of the gastric glands?

A

mucous cells, regenerative cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells

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25
regenerative cells
new epithelial cells to replace old/damaged ones
26
parietal cells
produce intrinsic factors and HCL
27
what does HCL that parietal cells produce do
contribute to acid pH, breaks down connective tissue + plant cell wall, activates gastric lipase and pepsinogen
28
instrinstic factor is essential for
vitamin B-12 absorption - required for Hg synthesis
29
chief cells
produce pepsinogen and gastric lipase (breaks down lipids)
30
pepsinogen
breaks down proteins when activated to pepsin
31
enteroendocrince cells / G cells
produce hormones such as gastrin which increases motility + secretion of stomach
32
gastric lipase
breaksdown lipids - enzyme that dogests 10-15% of dietary fat along with lingual lipase
33
what are the 3 ways the stomach is protected of the harsh acidic environment
1. mucous coat (its thick + highly alkaline) 2. tight junctions between epithelial cells so no acid leaves 3. epithelial cell replacement - high rate of cell division where the cell lives 3-6 days long
34
what are the 3 main regions of the small intestine ( closest to farthest away)
1. duodenum ( closest) 2. jejunum 3. ileum
35
3 structures of the small intestine’s mucosa that helps increase surface area
Circular folds, villi, microvilli
36
what are the 5 main hormones that regulate digestion
1. gastrin 2. secretin 3. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) 4. cholecystokinin (CCK) 5. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
37
gastrin
made in the stomach and its secreted by g cells. promotes increased stomach motility and increases secretion of gastric acids + enzymes
38
secretin
made in the SI and released when chyme arrives in the duodenum increases secretion of bile (by the liver) + buffers (pancreas) reduces gastric motility and secretory rates
39
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
made in the SI, secreted when fats + carbohydrates enter SI inhibits gastric / stomach activity and stimulates pancreas to release insulin - turns off stomach
40
cholecystokinin (CCK)
made in the SI and secreted when chyme arrives at duodenum esp if it has lipids - increases secretions of pancreatic enzymes + pushes pancreatic secretions and bile into the duodenum - too much of this turns off sstomach
41
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
- stimulates secretions of intestinal gllands - dilates regional capillaries - inhibits acid production in stomach
42
what are the 2 stages of gastric activity/secretion
1. cephalic stage 2. gastric phase 3. intestinal phase
43
cephalic stage
controlled by the brain starts when you see, smell. taste or think of food - prepares stomach to receive food
44
gastric phase
controlled by the stomach itself - begins with the arrival of food in the stomach and builds on the stimulation provided - increased secretion of gastric juice and churning of stomach after the 1st hour
45
intestinal phase
controlled by SI and starts when food arrives in the SI - controls rate of gastric (stomach) emptying to ensure the secretory, digestive, adsoprtive functions of the SI can continue
46
primary function of the large intestine
Water reabsorption
47
what stimulates the defecation reflex
stretching of rectum
48
the two reflexes of defecation
1. intrinsic defecation reflex 2. parasympathetic def. reflex both involuntary
49
liver functions
detoxification, secretion of bile, metabolize proteins, fats, carbs, stores iron and some vitamins, produces plasma proteins, blood cell formation in fetus (hemtipoiesis)
50
function of gallbladder
stores and refines bile, releases it as needed.
51
bile
green fluid with minerals, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile acids + pigments. neutral fats
52
bilirubin
main pigment and derived from decomposition of hemoglobin
53
bile acids aid in?
fat digestion + absorption
54
describe the ducts between liver _ gall bladder
Hepatic ducts bring bile to GB from liver, cystic duct bring bile into and out of GB, bile duct brings bile from GB to SI
55
pancreas is a
endocrine + exocrince gland - pancreatic duct joins bile duct + both are controlled by hepatopancreatic sphincter
56
what are the major pancreatic enzymes
pancreatic alpha-amylase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases, proteolytic enzymes
57
pancreatic alpha-amylase
a carbohydrase breaks down certain carbs / starches
58
pancreatic lipase
breaks down lipids then releases product such as fatty acids thats easily absorbed
59
nucleases
brekadown RNA or DNA
60
proteolytic enzymes
breakdown proteins into a mixture of diproteins, tripeptides, and amino acids
61
Mumps
virus of salivary glands
62
Liver cirrhosis
liver cells replaced by fibrous CT.
63
gallstones
may block GB and cause infection
64
Gastric ulcer
erosion in lining of stomach
65
Pancreatitis
infection of pancreas
66
pancreatic cancer
highly malignant and deadly
67
giardia lamblia
protozoan in SI causing severe diarrhea.
68
Name the various sphincters/valves in the digestive tract and describe which organs they separate
Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac, gastroesophageal): separates esophagus and stomach. Pyloric valve: separates stomach and SI. Ileocecal valve: separates SI and LI. Internal and external anal sphincters

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