Digestive system Exam 4 Flashcards by Evelyn Casillas

The Digestive system has Ingestion, motility, Digestion, ____________ and _____________ as functions.

absorption and defecation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Digestive tract îs also known as_________, the passageway for food.

Alimentary Canal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the alimentary canal passageways?

-Oral Activity
-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach (acid)
-Small intestine (designed for reabsorption, has microvilli)
-Large intestine (compacting trash & pulling out water)
-Anal Canal (what we can’t absorb leaves)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Accessory Organs are?

-Salivary glands
-Teeth
-Tongue
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the mouth the saliva has salivary amylase that breakdowns ________/ digests ________

carbohydrates, starch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is one mechanical way of digestion in the teeth?

Mastication
-chew into smaller pieces the have more surface area

-partly voluntary/ reflexive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Bolus?

Form of food that’s been chewed up and swallowed.
-softened mass of food

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the pharynx, swallowing is the process of?

Deglutition reflex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The small intestine has 3 parts, what are they?

Duedenum, Jejunum, Ileum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The large intestine has 4 colons and a cecum, rectum, appendix and anal canal. Put them in order.

Transverse colon, Descending colon, Ascending colon, Cecum, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, Appendix, Anal Canal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the swallowing process in the Pharynx?

Swallowing center is in medulla oblongata
soft palate elevates blocking the nasopharynx
the Trachea moves up, epiglottis folds down
the upper esophageal opens and the bolus goes down the esophagus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Deglutition: The Swallowing Reflex process

1.Tongue pushes bolus against soft palate and the back of the mouth, triggering swallowing reflex.

Breathing is inhibited as the bolus passes the closed airway. Epiglottis (elastic cartilage) folds down to help keep swallowed material out of the airways.
Food moves downward into the esophagus propelled by peristaltic waves and aided by gravity.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What connects the pharynx to the stomach?

Esophagus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the esophagus, food bolus is moved to the stomach by?

Smooth muscle peristalsis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the ___________________

Gastroesophageal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If the esophageal (gastroesophageal) sphincter is over extended or damaged in the stomach, what can happen in the esophagus?h

Heart burn, gastroesophagenal reflux, GERD

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What prevents acid from ascending to the esophagus from the stomach?

The esophageal (gastroesophageal) sphincter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 3 things does the wall of the digestive tract have in Mucosa?

-Mucosal epithelium
-Lamina Propria
-Muscularis Mucosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 3 things does the Submucosa have in the wall of the digestive system?

-Loose connective tissue
-Blood vessels
-Lymphoid nodules
-Glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The mucosal epithelium in esophagus is what tissue?

Stratified squamous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stomach and intestines are mostly what tissues?

Simple columnar or cuboidal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The rectum is what tissue?

Stratified squamous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The muscularis external has 2 layers called?
What causes their movement?

-Inner circular muscle
-Outer longitudinal muscle

Movement by peristalsis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Ureters, the inner muscle is ______________ and the outer muscle is ____________.

longitudinal, and circular

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does most digestion take place?

Stomach and small intestine

In the stomach, gastric digestion is performed y=by what?

Parasympathetic N.S. (vagus nerve)

The vagus nerve stimulates the stomach to produce_________

Gastric Juices (hydrochloric digestive enzymes/mucus)

What is the most outer layer in the wall of th e digestive tract?

Serosa (Visceral peritoneum)

In the stomach there are 3 phases, what are they?

Cephalic, Gastric, and intestinal phases

The sight, smell, and taste of food initiates long reflexes in the _____________. This is called the ____________ phase (food senses), which is stimulated by the Cephalic phase. (Don't have food yet)

Medulla Oblongata, Anticipatory

Does the cephalic phase secrete gastric juices (Hydrochloric acid) in the stomach?

Yes

In what phase does food actually get down into the stomach?

Gastric phase (stimulus food in stomach)

Does the Gastric phase secrete gastric juices? Does it increase or decrease production?

Yes, Increase Stimulates contractions in stomach into bloodstream & cycles back into the stomach increasing gastric prod.

Intestinal phase is _______ and is driven by?

Food in small intestine, and driven by Intestinal gastrin

The stomach ______________ digests and we stimulate it with ___________before it enters the stomach.

Mechanically, gastric juices

What is the stomachs function?

Store food

As stomach begins to fill, the _______ muscle relaxes to ______ and allow stomach to receive stored food.

smooth, expand

What is Fungus in stomach?

Upper stomach that stores food

What is Pyloric in stomach?

Lower stomach that digest

What controls the movement of chyme into the small intestine?

-Pyloric Sphincter lets a small amt go through and closes up and then lets another small amt through

What regulates the passage of food, chyme through the pylorus into the small intestine?

Pyloric Valve/ sphincter (smooth muscle)

What are two forms of chemical digestion?

-Chief cells and Gastric lipase

Chief cells secrete?

Pepsinogen

Pepsinogen is converted into Pepsin by?

HCL, then it can digest proteins

Gastric lipase is?

The breakdown of lipadase -digest lipids

What two digestions are occurring in the stomach?

Protein and lipid digestion

What is the other mechanical digestion besides the teeth (mastication)?

Rugae in the stomach -increases surface area and has 3 layers. -oblique extra layer

What mixes and churns food into chyme?

Rugae

The stomach provides protection in 2 ways. What are they?

Parietal cells and Mucous cells

Parietal cells are a type of protection in the stomach, what do they secrete?

Gastric acid (HCL) -kills bacteria and other microbes in food

Mucous cells are a type of protection in the stomach, what do they secrete?

Mucus and bicarbonate -protection against our own acid

What is bicarbonate?

A buffer that is used to neutralize acid in stomach

In absorption of the stomach, parietal cells secrete what?

Gastric intrinsic factor -allows small intestine to absorb vitamin B12

In the small intestine, what are the characteristics and functions of the Duodenum?

-Receives chyme -First 25cm short -Receives secretions from the pancreas and liver -Has distinctive burners glands (alkaline mucous) -neutralizes acid before we move on to Jejunum

Jejunum characteristics

middle 2.5 meters -no burners glands -no Peters patches -has microvilli

Ileum characteristics

-last 3.5 meters -distinctive Peters patches

Where is the main site of nutrient absorption and what is their main form of transport to the bloodstream?

Small intestine, active transport

What nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine?

Simple sugars; glucose amino acids; proteins fatty acids & glycerol

The small intestine has villi that is lined with_______ What does it create to increase absorptive surface?

Microvilli, Brush border

In the small intestine, Duodenal has two secretions. What are they?

Secretin & Cholecystokinin

In the small intestine, Duodenal secretion secretes what? What does it do?

Secretin -stimulates secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas

In the small intestine, what is another form of Duodenal secretion? What does it do?

Cholecystokinin -Sends a message to secrete digestive enzymes by the pancreas -A sends another message to secrete bile in the gall bladder which causes the gallbladder to contract

What are the other two secretions of the Duodenal?

Intestinal Gastrin -Targets stomach -secretion of gastric juices Enterogastrones (hormone) -inhibits gastric juice secretion (slows down stomach)

What is an acid neutralizer in the pancreas?

Bicarbonate secretion

What are segmental contractions?

- alternate contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscles -movement/mixing up material back and forth -continually mixes the intestinal contents -maintains constant contact with the absorptive surface

Digestion has a pancreatic protease called? What does it breakdown?

Trypsin -breaking down proteins

In digestion of the small intestine, what activate Trypsin?

Brush border enzyme enteropeptidase

In digestion of the small intestine, what does pancreatic amylase breakdown?

-Starch to maltose (carbohydrates) -absorbs monosaccharides

In digestion of the small intestine, what does pancreatic lipase breakdown?

-Lipids -the fat droplets are stabilized by bile salts -fatty acids are absorbed

In digestion of the small intestine, what does pancreatic nuclease breakdown?

-Nucleic acids & nucleotides -nucleotides are absorbed

Is bile salts and enzyme?

What does bile salts do?

-Emulsifies lipids (Liver via gallbladder) -Separates lipids into smaller pieces

Where does bile salts emulsify lipids?

Liver via gallbladder

Is bile a form of mechanical or chemical digestion?

Mechanical/ lipase

The Large intestine has what structures?

-Cecum -Colon -Rectum -Anal canal

In the Large intestine, the cecum is a ___________. It is separated from the ________ by the Ileocecal valve sphincter

-Blind sac -Ileum

The cecum is the appendix ___________

Veriform

In the large intestine, the rectum stores________

Feces

The Anal canal has what tissue?

Stratified squamous

The anal canal has two sphincters. What are they?

-Internal smooth sphincter muscle -exterior skeletal sphincter muscle

What is the function of the large intestine?

-Absorption of water and electrolytes -Forms Teniae coli by Haustra

Does the large intestine contain villi?

The defecation reflex begins with the _______ of the __________.

distention of the rectal wall

Mass movement of feces send forward in the large intestine is caused by what reflex?

Gastrocolic reflex

After feces is moved forward, the internal sphincter _______ and the external anal sphincter____________

-Relaxes -Continuously relaxes

What are the three accessory organs?

Pancreas, liver, Gallbladder

What cells do the pancreas contain that secrete digestive enzymes?

The Acinar cells

The Acinar cells secrete what digestive enzymes?

-Pancreatic amylase: starch -Trypsinogen: protein -LipaseL lipids -Nuclease- nucleic acids

___________ secretion in the pancreas occurs in the pancreas and duodenum

Bicarbonate secretion

Bicarbonate in the pancreas is produced by?

Enzyme carbonic anhydrase from CO2 & water

Bicarniate secretion in the pancreas responds to what?

Secretin

The liver has a _____________ ligament

Faltiform

The liver removes _______ from the blood

toxins

______ connects the liver to the gallbladder

Bile

Bile contains ________ that facilities/aids enzymatic digestion of _______ in the liver.

salts, fats

The gallbladder function?

-Stores bile produced by the liver & concentrates it -Has common bile ducts

What connects the gallbladder to the pancreas?

Common Bile ducts

Diarrhea is

is when secretion is not balanced by absorption

Diarrhea has 3 disorders called

-Osmotic -Secretory -Pschological

Osmotic Diarrhea is

unabsorbed material in the lumen draws water

Secretory diarrhea is

response to toxins or intestinal infection

Psychological diarrhea

increased motility

Constipation is reduced ______

Motility (material moving too slowly)

Cirrhosis is the formation of __________ tissue in the ____

scar tissue, liver

Jaundice is the excess of _______ in the blood

bilirubin

Gluconeogenesis refers to

creating glucose from glycerol, amino acids, or lactate

Protein digestion starts in the ___

stomach

Increased stomach PH is the consequences of which of the following?

Inhibition of parietal cells

The function of the stomach is to____

-protect the lower digestive tract from pathogens -churn the contents into chyme -begin digestion -store food

Digestive system Exam 4 Flashcards

(109 cards)