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A&P Exam 3 > Digestive System- Physiology > Flashcards

Digestive System- Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

_____means simply ‘eating or drinking,’ while _____ refers to the process of eliminating
_____ (material which is left over after all usable substances have been extracted).

A

Ingestion; defecation; feces

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2
Q

_____ is the breakdown of ingested foods into simple organic molecules.

A

Digestion

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3
Q

_____ refers to the mixing of food and digestive juices into a soft pulp.

A

Mechanical digestion

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4
Q

________ means ‘chewing.’ It is one means by which _____ occurs.

A

Mastication; mechanical

digestion

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5
Q

Smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract are responsible for the _____ of food from
mouth to anus via processes called _____ (swallowing) and _____.

A

propulsion; deglutition;

peristalsis

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6
Q

_________ consists of a series of progressive, alternating contractions of smooth muscle rings
which encircle the intestine. The result is propulsion of a portion of the partially digested
food, called a(n) _____, through the intestine.

A

Peristalsis; bolus

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7
Q

Mechanical digestion is continued throughout the gastrointestinal tract via a process
called _____, in which the bolus is rhythmically divided into ever-smaller portions by
bidirectional, peristalsis-like contractions of smooth muscle.

A

segmentation

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8
Q

_____ of enzymes and corrosive liquids, as well as mucus to lubricate and protect the
system itself is the function of specialized cells within the gastrointestinal tract and
accessory organs.

A

Secretion

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9
Q

_____ of nutrients is possible because cells of the gastrointestinal tract actively
transcytose them into the blood or lymph.

A

Absorption

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10
Q

The epithelial cells of the GI tract are joined by _____ so that nutrient molecules cannot
enter the body by passing between cells, but must instead pass through them.

A

tight junctions

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11
Q

During _____, complex molecules are separated and hydrolyzed by enzymes, emulsifiers
and corrosive chemicals.

A

chemical digestion

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12
Q

Digestive activity is subject to _____ and _____ controls. These, in turn, are triggered by
_____ or _____ stimuli.

A

nervous; hormonal; chemical;

mechanical

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13
Q

Neural networks found in the entrails, as a group, are the _____ or _____.

A

enteric plexus; enteric nervous

system (ENS)

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14
Q

Neural control is primarily _____, via the _____, with only minor modulation from the CNS.

A

local; enteric plexus

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15
Q

Neural regulation of the digestive system is complex, and involves over 30 _____, each
mediating a slightly different response from the cells which receive them as signals.

A

neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Many of the hormones that control digestion are produced by _____. This allows each
region of the digestive system to interact with _____, even those some distance away.

A

cells of the digestive system; all

of the others

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17
Q

Beginning with the esophagus, the GI tract has four major walls or layers, called _____.
From the lumen outward, the first three are the _____, _____, and the _____.

A

tunics; mucosa; submucosa;

muscularis

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18
Q

The outermost tunic of the GI tract is called the _____ when it is adjacent to the peritoneal
cavity, or the ____ in regions where it is physically continuous with surrounding tissue.

A

visceral serosa; adventitia

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19
Q

The mucosa of the intestinal tract consists of three layers: from the lumen outward, they
are the _____, _____ and _____.

A

mucous epithelium; lamina

propria; muscularis mucosae

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20
Q

In many regions of the GI tract, the mucous epithelium invaginates, penetrating the _____
to form _____.

A

lamina propria; glands

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21
Q

Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the _____ of the GI tract’s
mucosa provide nutrients and oxygen, and remove wastes, from the mucous epithelium.

A

lamina propria

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22
Q

The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is found in the _____ . Since it is in the gut, MALT in this region is often called “_____”
instead of MALT.

A 
lamina propria; Gut-Associated
Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
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23
Q

The purpose of the MALT in the GI tract is to protect it from _____.

A

bacteria which contaminate

food or drink

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24
Q

Smooth muscles in the _____ create
transient wrinkles which decrease adherence of substances to the intestinal surface and
increase local mixing.

A

muscularis mucosae

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25
Q

Most blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers of the GI tract are found in the
_____ .

A

submucosa

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26
Q

The inner layer of the muscularis consists of smooth muscle fibers which _____ the
lumen, while in the outer layer the fibers are arranged _____.

A

encircle; longitudinally

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27
Q

In the stomach and intestines, peristalsis and segmentation are accomplished by
alternating contractions of the inner and outer layers of the _____ .

A

muscularis

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28
Q

_____ cells in the muscularis control the rate of peristalsis and segmentation.

A

Pacemaker

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29
Q

In certain regions of the GI tract, the muscles of the muscularis act as _____, and are
capable of closing to prevent movement of food or liquid through the tract.

A

sphincters

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30
Q

Neurons of the enteric plexus in the submucosa are called the _____ plexus; those in the
muscularis lie _____ and are called the _____ plexus.

A

submucosal; between the

muscle layers; myenteric

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31
Q

The mouth is kept moist between meals primarily by the _____, which are scattered
throughout the oral mucosa.

A

intrinsic salivary glands OR

buccal glands

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32
Q

When we ingest food (or even think about it!) signals from the _____ branch of the
autonomic nervous system cause the _____ salivary glands to produce saliva.

A

parasympathetic; extrinsic

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33
Q

Damage to _____ can prevent signals from the CNS from reaching the salivary glands
and increasing salivation.

A

cranial nerves VII or IX

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34
Q

_____ and _____ respond to taste and pressure, and lead to an increase in salivation that
is mediated by the autonomic nervous system.

A

Chemoreceptors;

pressoreceptors

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35
Q

The _____ branch of the autonomic nervous system inhibits production of serous (watery)
saliva, but not of mucin-rich saliva, so that stress leaves the mouth feeling dry and sticky.

A

sympathetic

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36
Q

Saliva contains amylase to begin _____, chemicals including lysozyme and immunoglobin
A to _____, and mucin to _____.

A

starch digestion; inhibit
bacterial growth; lubricate the
mouth

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37
Q

The two major processes which moisten and soften food in the oral cavity are _____ and
_____.

A

mastication; salivation

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38
Q

_____ means ‘swallowing.’

A

Deglutition

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39
Q

The voluntary portion of deglutition is the _____ phase, which occurs in the mouth. In this
phase, the _____ is used to push the food into the _____.

A

buccal; tongue; oropharynx

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40
Q

The second phase of deglutition, the _____ phase, is involuntary.

A

pharyngeal

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41
Q

During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition, the _____ prevents food from returning to the
mouth.

A

tongue

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42
Q

During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition, the _____ and _____ prevent food from
entering the nasopharynx.

A

soft palate; uvula

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43
Q

During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition, the _____ prevents food from entering the
larynx.

A

epiglottis

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44
Q

Cranial nerves V, IX, X and XI are all involved in the _____. Damage to any of them can
make it difficult to swallow.

A

pharyngeal phase of deglutition

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45
Q

Three rings of muscles in the pharynx called the _____ contract one after the other to
propel food into the esophagus.

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

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46
Q

As food reaches the bottom of the pharynx, the _____ relaxes.

A

upper esophageal sphincter

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47
Q

During the third phase of deglutition, the _____ phase, food is propelled toward the
stomach by _____ .

A

esophageal; peristalsis

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48
Q

Both the pharyngeal and esophageal stages of deglutition are triggered by _____ and
lead to both local and CNS signals.

A

contact with solids or liquids

OR tactile receptors

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49
Q

Since the task of the esophagus is simply to transport food, its surface is optimized for
resisting friction as food passes by; it consists of _____.

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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50
Q

The surface of the esophagus includes _____ glands, which lubricate the surface.

A

mucous or esophageal

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51
Q

Mixing semi-solid food with liquid to form completely liquid ‘_____’ is one of the major
functions of the _____.

A

chyme; stomach

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52
Q

Liquid is secreted into the stomach by _____; their entrances, the _____, appear as pores
on the stomach’s interior surface.

A

gastric glands; gastric pits

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53
Q

Unlike the esophagus, whose surface is specialized to resist friction, the surface of the
stomach is specialized for _____, and consists of _____.

A

secretion; simple columnar

epithelium

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54
Q

Gastric secretions and food are mixed in the stomach by muscular contractions called
_____. These contractions occur primarily in the _____, the widest part of the pyloric region.

A

mixing waves; antrum

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55
Q

Unlike the muscularis in other regions of the GI tract, that of the stomach has _____.

A

three layers

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56
Q

The stomach adjusts to the ingestion of food or drink by _____ and _____ to
accommodate to the new demand for volume.

A

stretching; relaxing

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57
Q

While most digestion occurs in the _____, digestion of _____ begins in the stomach.

A

small intestine; protein

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58
Q

_____ cells in the gastric glands secrete a(n) _____ (an inactive proenzyme) called
pepsinogen.

A

Chief; zymogen

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59
Q

Pepsinogen, when it is placed in a(n) _____ environment, is activated to form the enzyme
_____. This enzyme hydrolyzes _____.

A

acidic; pepsin; proteins

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60
Q

_____ cells in the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid, which _____ the pH in the
stomach’s lumen.

A

Parietal or Oxyntic; lowers

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61
Q

Hydrochloric acid _____ proteins and nucleic acids in the stomach and converts _____ to
its active form, _____.

A

denatures; pepsinogen; pepsin

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62
Q

Most bacteria are unable to survive in the stomach because of the _____.

A

low pH OR acidity

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63
Q

The parietal cells use _____ acid as the source for positive hydrogen ions. This produces
the negative _____ ion, which they don’t need or use.

A

carbonic; bicarbonate

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64
Q

To get rid of bicarbonate ions, parietal cells secrete it into the blood, exchanging it for the
readily available _____.

A

chloride ions

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65
Q

The stomach’s secretions must be electrically neutral, and so the secretion of positive
hydrogen ions into the lumen is accompanied by the secretion of negative _____.

A

chloride ions

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66
Q

In water, hydrochloric acid is present as two ions: _____ and _____.

A

hydrogen ions; chloride ions

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67
Q

The two major cell types in the stomach produce _____, which is necessary so that the
stomach does not _____.

A

mucus; digest itself

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68
Q

The mucus that coats the stomach is thick, heavy, and (just as importantly) _____. This is
because the mucus producing cells mix their product with _____.

A

neutral to alkaline; bicarbonate

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69
Q

Very few substances are absorbed in the stomach - most cannot penetrate the _____
layer. Those that can include water, alcohol, and a few drugs.

A

mucus

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70
Q

Vitamin B12 would be destroyed by the stomach’s acid if not for _____, a protective
glycoprotein secreted by _____. (B12 is critical for DNA replication: the first symptom of
deficiency is _____ due to poor cell division.)

A

intrinsic factor; parietal cells;

pernicious anemia

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71
Q

_____ is needed not only to protect vitamin B12 from destruction in the stomach, but also
to allow it to be absorbed in the intestine. Thus, production of this glycoprotein by the
stomach is absolutely critical to survival.

A

Intrinsic factor

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72
Q

Three chemicals together signal the parietal cells to secrete HCl: _____, _____ and _____.

A

gastrin; histamine; acetylcholine

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73
Q

Gastrin is released by enteroendocrine cells in the stomach mucosa in response to _____
or to signals from the _____.

A

an increase in stomach

content; CNS

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74
Q

Gastrin has several effects, one of which is to promote _____ in the cells of the stomach:
thus, in the long term, a large appetite leads to a large _____. (Do not confuse this with a
large store of fat in the abdomen, which may also occur!)

A

cell division; stomach

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75
Q

_____ is released by ‘ECL cells’ and mast cells in the stomach’s lamina propria in
response to _____.

A

Histamine; gastrin

76
Q

Histamine binds to H2 receptors on _____ cells, and is the most potent acid-producing
signal molecule. (Blocking these receptors with drugs such as Tagamet virtually abolishes
acid production.)

A

parietal OR oxyntic

77
Q

Regulation of the stomach’s secretions and motility occurs in three phases: the _____
phase, _____ phase, and _____ phase.

A

cephalic; gastric; intestinal OR

gastrointestinal

78
Q

The _____ phase of gastric regulation occurs before food (or drink) enters the stomach,
and depends on taste, smell, and anticipation.

A

cephalic

79
Q

During the _____ phase of gastric regulation, signals from the medulla oblongata are
conveyed by the _____ nerve to the enteric ganglia.

A

cephalic; vagus

80
Q

During the gastric phase of gastric regulation, the major signals are _____ and the
presence of _____ in the stomach. In addition, over-secretion is prevented by _____
feedback. If pH falls too far, acid production stops.

A

distention; peptides OR amino

acids; negative

81
Q

Two chemicals commonly consumed by students (and teachers, to be fair) also trigger the
gastric phase or gastric reflex: _____ and _____.

A

caffeine; alcohol

82
Q

In the _____ phase, sensations in the stomach are sent to the CNS via the vagus nerve:
return signals, via the same nerve, increase _____ and _____.

A

gastric; gastric secretion;

motility

83
Q

In the _____ phase, sensations in the stomach activate _____ cells: these release gastrin
and other hormones into the blood, which eventually trigger an increase in _____.

A

gastric; enteroendocrine;

gastric secretion and motility

84
Q

Mixing waves occur in the stomach three times per minute: less frequently, stronger
_____ waves overwhelm the partially closed _____ sphincter and send a small amount of
_____ into the duodenum.

A

peristaltic; pyloric; liquid

85
Q

In the gastrointestinal or intestinal phase of gastric regulation, the _____ inhibits the
activities of the stomach in order to give itself time to cope with _____, _____ or _____.

A

duodenum; decreases in pH;

high levels of fat; over-filling

86
Q

_____ is secreted by the duodenum in response to acid. It travels through the blood to the
_____ and _____ cells of the stomach, which it inhibits.

A

Secretin; parietal OR oxyntic;

chief

87
Q

_____ and _____ are secreted by the duodenum in response to the presence of fat:
among other activities, these hormones inhibit the activity of the _____.

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide;

cholecystokinin; stomach

88
Q

The duodenum signals the medulla oblongata when conditions are such that a further
influx from the stomach would overwhelm it, and the medulla then signals the stomach to
decrease gastric activity: this is the _____.

A

enterogastric reflex

89
Q

A major change in the epithelia occurs between the stomach and duodenum. While the
stomach is designed to protect itself and avoid self-digestion, the duodenum is specialized
for _____ and _____, and its epithelia includes many _____.

A

digestion; absorption; villi

90
Q

The _____ cells of the duodenum are covered with _____, which increase their surface
area and allow them to absorb more nutrients than would otherwise be possible.

A

absorptive; microvilli

91
Q

A(n) _____ and a(n) _____ are located in the core of each villus in the small intestine.

A

capillary bed; lacteal

92
Q

Microvilli have enzymes on their surfaces which _____.

A

digest carbohydrates and

proteins

93
Q

In addition to many absorptive cells, villi also contain _____ cells which secrete mucus,
and _____ cells which secrete hormones. The number of these cells _____ as one moves
from the jejunum to the ileum to the large intestine.

A

goblet; enteroendocrine;

increases

94
Q

In addition to other cell types, villi also contain immune cells called _____.

A

intraepithelial lymphocytes

95
Q

In between the villi of the small intestine the mucosa forms _____ which secrete a watery
mucus called intestinal juice.

A

intestinal crypts OR crypts of

Lieberkuhn

96
Q

The villus epithelium is replaced every _____.

A

3 to 6 days

97
Q

As one moves from the duodenum toward the ileum, patches of lymphoid tissue called
_____ become more abundant.

A

Peyer’s patches

98
Q

A highly alkaline mucus which helps to neutralize the acidic chyme exiting the stomach is
produced by _____ in the _____.

A

duodenal glands OR Brunner’s

glands; duodenum

99
Q

Two accessory digestive organs, the _____ and _____, deliver their products directly to
the duodenum.

A

liver; pancreas

100
Q

Two openings are found in the duodenum through which digestive juices enter: the
opening of the _____ and the large, nipple-like opening formed by the union of several
ducts, the _____.

A

accessory (pancreatic) duct;

hepatopancreatic ampulla

101
Q

Entry of bile and pancreatic juice through the hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by
the _____. The bulge formed by this, and the hepatopancreatic ampulla, is called the
_____.

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter OR
sphincter of Oddi; major
duodenal papilla

102
Q

The major histological differences seen as one progresses through the small intestine is
that the _____ decrease in number and density while the _____ increase.

A

villi; Peyer’s patches

103
Q

Most of the small intestine is covered by the visceral peritoneum; the duodenum, however,
is _____ and so its outer layer is _____.

A

retroperitoneal; adventitia

104
Q

_____ or _____ leads to the production of extra intestinal juice by the intestinal crypts.

A

Distension; exposure to

hypertonic or acidic chyme

105
Q

The liver is an organ from which _____ flow, and to which many _____ flow.

A

digestive juices; absorbed

nutrients

106
Q

To suspend tiny droplets of one substance in another (for example, tiny droplets of oil in
water) is to _____ it.

A

emulsify

107
Q

_____ is the digestive juice that is produced by the liver, and which functions to emulsify
_____.

A

Bile; fats OR lipids

108
Q

The liver is composed of microscopic structural units called _____.

A

liver lobules

109
Q

Each liver lobule has roughly _____ sides consisting of adjacent plates, or layers, of liver
cells called _____.

A

six; hepatocytes

110
Q

At each corner in a liver lobule is a(n) _____, so named because it contains three
structures: a(n) _____, a(n) _____ and a(n) _____.

A

portal triad; hepatic artery;

portal vein; bile duct

111
Q

Between each layer of hepatocytes in a liver lobule lies a space called a(n) _____, which
is a large, leaky capillary.

A

sinusoid

112
Q

Within the liver sinusoids, blood from the _____ and _____ mix before they reach the
central vein.

A

hepatic artery; portal vein

113
Q

Blood in the _____ of the liver lobules eventually enters the hepatic veins, then leaves the
liver to flow to the inferior vena cava.

A

central veins

114
Q

_____ are included in the sinusoid walls; their job is to eat debris,
bacteria and worn out blood cells.

A

Hepatic macrophages OR

Kupffer cells

115
Q

Nutrients and waste products are altered or removed from the blood in _____ in the liver.

A

hepatocytes

116
Q

Blood-borne chemicals are modified for disposal by _____ in the liver; the modified
chemicals are then either _____ or _____.

A

hepatocytes; released into the
blood for disposal by the
kidneys; secreted in bile

117
Q

_____ in the liver are the cells in which _____ is stored, for use as an energy source
during brief fasts.

A

Hepatocytes; glycogen

118
Q

In the absence of insulin, _____ will use lipids to produce _____, an alternate fuel source
usable by many tissues in the body, including the brain.

A

hepatocytes; ketone bodies

119
Q

During periods of extreme hypernutrition (over-eating), _____ in the liver will store lipids.
This is also common in alcoholism, since lipid metabolism is inhibited during the
metabolism of alcohol.

A

hepatocytes

120
Q

Once bile is produced by _____, it leaves the liver lobules via the _____.

A

hepatocytes; bile canaliculi

121
Q

In part because of its role in detoxifying dangerous chemicals and being the first organ
which blood leaving the intestines encounters, the _____ is subject to disease. Two of the
most common are _____ and _____.

A

liver; hepatitis; cirrhosis

122
Q

_____ is any disease characterized by inflammation of the liver, and is often caused by
viral infections.

A

Hepatitis

123
Q

_____ is a disease in which normal liver tissue is replaced by connective tissue.

A

Cirrhosis

124
Q

Detoxified substances and waste products which are removed from the blood by the liver
are disposed of in the _____.

A

bile

125
Q

Bile is a mixture of waste products and ‘_____,’ which are required for fat digestion. They
are _____ in the ileum so that they can be recycled.

A

bile salts; reabsorbed

126
Q

_____ are made from cholesterol and use more cholesterol than any other single bodily
function.

A

Bile salts

127
Q

Fat is emulsified in order to increase the_____ of the droplets.

A

surface area

128
Q

The major function of the gallbladder is to _____ and _____ bile until it is needed.

A

store; concentrate

129
Q

Bile backs up into the gallbladder through the _____ due to the fact that the _____ is
closed unless digestion is in progress.

A

cystic duct; hepatopancreatic

sphincter

130
Q

Gallbladder contraction and opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter is controlled by
_____, a hormone with several functions.

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

131
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released to the blood by the duodenum in response to the entry
of _____.

A

fat-containing chyme

132
Q

All of the macromolecules depend on _____ for the production of enzymes which lead to
their digestion.

A

the pancreas

133
Q

Microscopic examination of the pancreas reveals the presence of many _____, which are
clusters of secretory cells and their associated ducts.

A

acini

134
Q

One of the major functions of the pancreas is to secrete bicarbonate, which is used to
_____ entering the _____.

A

neutralize acidic chyme;

duodenum

135
Q

Many enzymes produced by the pancreas are released as _____.

A

zymogens OR proenzymes

136
Q

Trypsin is one of the enzymes released by the pancreas. Trypsin _____ many of the other
enzymes. (It is released as a zymogen called trypsinogen.)

A

activates

137
Q

Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by an enzyme found on the _____. Such enzymes are
called _____ enzymes because of the appearance of the microvilli when light microscopy
is used.

A

microvilli; brush border

138
Q

Several pancreatic enzymes, including amylase and lipase, depend for their activity on
substances found in the _____.

A

chyme

139
Q

Two major hormonal controls of pancreatic activity are _____ and _____.

A

cholecystokinin (CCK); secretin

140
Q

Secretin is released by duodenal cells in response to _____.

A

acid OR low pH

141
Q

Secretin prompts the pancreas to release _____-rich pancreatic juice.

A

bicarbonate

142
Q

Cholecystokinin is released by duodenal cells in response to _____ and _____.

A

proteins; fats

143
Q

Cholecystokinin prompts the pancreas to release _____-rich pancreatic juice.

A

enzyme

144
Q

The CNS can also activate pancreatic secretions via the _____ nerve: this occurs
primarily during the _____ and _____ phases of gastric regulation.

A

vagus; cephalic; gastric

145
Q

Premature activation of pepsinogen, trypsinogen, or any of the digestive enzymes would
result in _____.

A

digestion of the cells that

produce them

146
Q

Digestive enzymes are produced primarily by the _____, not by the intestines.

A

pancreas

147
Q

Within the small intestine, _____ waves are rare while _____ waves are common. As a
result, food is slow to pass through the small intestine.

A

peristaltic; mixing

148
Q

The ileocecal sphincter is normally _____. Two factors can change that: the _____ reflex
and the hormone _____.

A

closed; gastroileal; gastrin

149
Q

The gastroileal reflex is a reflex mediated by the CNS which is caused by activity in the
stomach and leads to _____.

A

increased activity in the ileum

150
Q

Gastrin released by the stomach signals the _____ to relax briefly, thus allowing a bolus
of chyme to enter the large intestine.

A

ileocecal sphincter

151
Q

One of the major functions of the ileocecal sphincter is to prevent _____.

A

backflow from the large

intestine to the small

152
Q

One of the main functions of the large intestine is to absorb _____.

A

water

153
Q

In order to reduce friction as the rapidly dehydrating feces pass through the large
intestine, the surface of the colon contains many deep microscopic indentations called
_____, which contain a large number of mucus producing _____.

A

crypts OR crypts of Lieberkuhn
OR intestinal glands; goblet
cells

154
Q

The surface epithelium of the anal canal is _____ .

A

stratified squamous epithelium

155
Q

Bacteria which survive the digestion process multiply in the _____ and _____. Bacteria
account for over one quarter of the dry weight of the feces.

A

ileum and large intestine

156
Q

Most bacteria in a healthy person’s intestines are _____; they prevent the growth of _____
and produce several vitamins, including vitamin _____, which is necessary for normal
blood clotting.

A

beneficial; pathogenic bacteria;

K

157
Q

The large intestine has two major patterns of movement: _____, which are a form of
segmentation, and _____, which are powerful waves which send feces toward the rectum
at a rapid pace.

A

haustral contractions; mass

movements

158
Q

One stimulus for mass movements of the colon is known as the _____ reflex, and is
triggered by gastric filling.

A

gastrocolic

159
Q

_____ in the diet increases fecal bulk and prevents damage to the walls of the colon
caused by small, hard feces formed by over-absorption of water.

A

Indigestible carbohydrates

fiber

160
Q

Overly rapid transit of feces through the large intestine does not allow time for water
resorption; the result is _____.

A

diarrhea

161
Q

Most intestinal gas (_____) is produced as a result of _____ of undigested
macromolecules by _____ in the large intestine. (The amount produced depends on their
identity and nature.)

A

flatus; fermentation; bacteria

162
Q

Digestion of macromolecules involves their _____ into smaller molecules.

A

hydrolysis

163
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _____ with the enzyme _____.

A

mouth; amylase

164
Q

Carbohydrate digestion slows in the _____, then is accelerated again in the _____, where
carbohydrates are exposed to _____.

A

stomach; duodenum;

pancreatic amylase

165
Q

Once carbohydrates have been broken down into disaccharides, the final hydrolysis to
yield monomers is catalyzed by enzymes found _____.

A

on the microvilli OR on the

brush border

166
Q

Absorption of monosaccharides occurs in _____, but primarily in the _____ and _____.

A

the entire small intestine;

duodenum; jejunum

167
Q

Once absorbed, monosaccharides are transported in the _____ to the _____.

A

blood; liver

168
Q

Digestible carbohydrates in the human diet consist of _____, some _____ and two
polysaccharides: _____ and _____.

A

monosaccharides;

disaccharides; glycogen; starch

169
Q

We lack enzymes to digest some carbohydrates (for example, cellulose) and so if eaten,
these reach the _____ undigested. They are referred to as _____.

A

large intestine; fiber

170
Q

The first enzyme to hydrolyze proteins into smaller parts is _____, in the _____. This
enzyme is inactivated when it reaches the _____.

A

pepsin; stomach; duodenum

171
Q

Partially digested proteins are exposed to several free-floating proteases in the _____;
these are produced by the _____.

A

duodenum; pancreas

172
Q

Polypeptides are hydrolyzed to single amino acids by _____, or in the case of some
dipeptides or tripeptides, by _____ of the intestinal epithelial cells.

A

brush border enzymes;

intracellular enzymes

173
Q

Amino acids are absorbed by the _____ in the cells of the _____, then transported in the
_____ to the _____.

A

microvilli; small intestine; blood;

liver

174
Q

Dietary fat is usually in the form of _____.

A

triglycerides

175
Q

For the most part, digestion of fat begins in the _____, with their _____ by bile. (A very
small amount of fat digestion occurs prior to this point.)

A

duodenum; emulsification

176
Q

Fat-digesting enzymes called _____ are released by the _____.

A

lipases; pancreas

177
Q

Lipases in the small intestine hydrolyze triglycerides to form _____ and _____. These
combine with a component of bile salts to form microscopic _____ in a process similar to
emulsification of the original fats.

A

monoglycerides; fatty acids;

micelles

178
Q

Micelles containing monoglycerides, fatty acids, and cholesterol (another lipid) are
absorbed by the epithelial cells of the _____.

A

small intestine

179
Q

In the epithelial cells of the small intestine, monoglycerides and fatty acids are used to remake
the triglycerides. These, and cholesterol, are coated with _____ to form structures
called _____.

A

protein; chylomicrons

180
Q

Chylomicrons are exported into the _____ of the lamina propria where they enter _____,
which deliver them to the blood vessels of the neck in the lymph.

A

interstitial fluid; lacteals

181
Q

Digestion of nucleic acids begins in the _____, where they encounter _____ secreted by
the _____.

A

duodenum; nucleases;

pancreas

182
Q 
Each nucleotide released from nucleic acids is broken down to a(n) \_\_\_\_\_, a(n) \_\_\_\_\_
and a(n) \_\_\_\_\_ by \_\_\_\_\_.
A

sugar; base; phosphate ion;

brush border enzymes

183
Q

Many vitamins, minerals, and drugs are not _____.

A

chemically digested

184
Q

Vitamins, minerals, and drugs which are soluble in water enter through the intestinal
epithelial cells and travel to the _____.

A

liver

185
Q

Vitamins and drugs which are soluble in fat enter through the intestinal epithelial cells
along with the fat and travel to the _____ via the _____.

A

blood vessels of the neck;

lymphatic system

186
Q 
Nine liters (over two gallons) of water enter the intestines each day from the blood and by
ingestion. Active transport of nutrients, ions, minerals, etc., into intestinal cells lowers the
\_\_\_\_\_, and so water enters the cells as well.
A

relative tonicity of the chyme

A&P Exam 3 (4 decks)

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