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Histology > digestive tract 1 > Flashcards

digestive tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the digestive system (interior to exterior)

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • adventitia
  • mesentary
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2
Q

the mucosa of digestive system is

A

adjacent to the lumen

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3
Q

the submucosa of the digestive tract is

A
  • made highly of distensible connective tissue
  • contain Meissner plexuses
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4
Q

Meissner plexuses

A
  • plexus of autonomic nerves innervating organs
  • help with blood flow
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5
Q

muscularis externa

A
  • consists of smooth muscle oriented in different directions
  • inner-circular and outer longitudinal layers facilitates the movement of food involuntarily
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6
Q

adventitia (serosa) of digestive system

A
  • secures organs to surrounding tissues
  • fibrous connective tissue (serosa) in the peritoneal gap (gap between parietal and visceral layers) covers organs individually
  • both covered by mesothelium for frictionless movement
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7
Q

mesentery of digestive system

A
  • not really a layer
  • attaches stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and most other abdominal digestive organs to the posterior wall of abdomen
  • organs with this layer are intraperitoneal and those without are retroperitoneal
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8
Q

the digestive system includes the following structures/organs:

A
  • oral cavity/teeth/tongue
  • salivary glands
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
  • large intestine
  • small intestine
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9
Q

the digestive system helps with:

A
  • propulsion
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
  • immunologic protection
  • hormone production
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10
Q

the digestive system has 2 main parts:

A
  • upper tract - initial phase (oral cavity, pharynx esophagus)
  • lower tract (stomach, intestines, and anal canal)
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11
Q

the structures of the digestive tract allow the following:

A
  • ingestion
  • mastication
  • motility
  • secretion
  • hormone release
  • chemical digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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12
Q

the oral cavity

A
  • has only mucosa and submucosa
  • non-keratinized simple squamous epithelium on most of mucosa
  • papillae on the tongue
  • saliva enters invaginations of papilla and needs to be flushed
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13
Q

type of papillae on the tongue

A
  • filaform
  • fungiform
  • foliate
  • circumvallate (vallate)
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14
Q

filaform

A
  • most abundant papillae
  • no taste buds
  • highly keratinized
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15
Q

fungiform

A
  • mushroom shaped
  • some taste buds
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16
Q

foliate

A
  • rudimentary in humans
  • on sides of tongue
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17
Q

circumvallate (vallate)

A
  • have most taste buds
  • innervated by the most sensory nerves
18
Q

why is it important to have active salivary glands and brush your teeth?

A
  • because saliva enters papillae and cleans out proliferation of bacteria in mouth
  • if not cleaned it would carry lots of bacteria
19
Q

Ebner’s gland

A
  • minor salivary glands
  • only produce serous fluids
  • help flush oral cavity
  • all other glands are mixed or mucosal glands
20
Q

function of oral cavity

A
  • food is chewed and broken down into bolus
  • salivary amylase breaks down starch into glucose
21
Q

tongue

A
  • non keratinized
  • papillae
  • skeletal muscle
22
Q

teeth

A
  • enamel
  • dentin
  • pulp
  • cementum
  • gingiva
  • periodontal ligament
23
Q

esophagus

A
  • has 3 layers
  • non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in upper and middle thirds and becomes columnar toward lower third
  • submucosal glands are larger than mucosal glands
24
Q

layers of esophagus

A
  • upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
  • middle 1/3 = skeletal and smooth muscle
  • lower 1/3 = smooth muscle
25
Q

innervation of the digestive tract

A
  • enteric system
  • has 2 subsections
  • parasympathetic nerve fibers activate physiologic digestive process
  • sympathetic nerve fibers are mainly inhibitory of digestive process
26
Q

subsections of digestive tract

A
  • myenteric plexus
  • meissner plexus
27
Q

myenteric plexus

A
  • between inner and outer layers of smooth muscle
  • regulates smooth muscle contraction
28
Q

meissner plexus

A
  • in submucosa
  • regulates glandular secretion and blood flow
29
Q

the stomach

A
  • primary site of digestion of nutrients
  • has 4 regions
  • rugae
  • glands secrete mucous, acid, digestive enzymes
30
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus
31
Q

rugae

A
  • the irregular folds of the inner lining of the stomach
  • flatten out when stoamch expands
  • simple columnar epithelium
32
Q

glands of stomach

A
  • pass through lamina propria
  • cardiac glands are at esophageal orifice (mostly mucous secretion)
  • gastric glands are in body and fundus (most developed and numerous, secrete mucous, acid and enzymes)
  • pyloric glands (close to duodenum, mostly secrete mucous)
33
Q

gastric pits

A
  • shallow invaginations of the surface epithelium
  • contain surface mucous cells
  • highly alkaline (secrete carbonate)
  • protect epithelial lining form low pH of stomach in lumen
34
Q

gastric glands have 5 cell types:

A
  • surface mucosa
  • mucous neck cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • G cells
35
Q

surface mucosa of gastric glands secrete

A

alkaline fluid (carbonate) to protect epithelium

36
Q

mucous neck cells of gastric glands

A
  • secretes acid (HCl) to reduce pH of stomach
  • live and die quickly, replaced by stem cells that migrate to the neck of the gland from the base of the pit
37
Q

parietal cells of gastric glands

A
  • secretes intrinsic factor and HCl
  • have receptors for gastrin
  • controlled by ANS
  • if damaged, no secretion of intrinsic factor = no vitamin B12 = subacute combined degeneration
38
Q

chief cells of gastric glands

A
  • secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
39
Q

G cells of gastric glands

A
  • secretes gastrin
  • stimulates production of HCl by parietal cells
40
Q

gastrin is secreted by

A

enteroendocrine cells

41
Q

gastric glands are innervated by:

A

acetylcholine receptor (parasympathetic)

Histology (12 decks)

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