Digita Radiograohy: An Overview Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
Workhouse of radiology since 1895
A
Film-Screen Radiography
2
Q
What are the Goals of Digital Radiography?
A
- Eliminate film-based imaging systems
- Introduce new technologies for the purpose of improving diagnostic interpretation & digital management
- Reduce the radiation dose to patient
3
Q
What are the 8 Digital Image Aquisition Modalities
A
- CR - Computed Radiography
- DR - Digital Radiography
- Digital Mammography
- Digital Fluoroscopy for routine GI Fluoroscopy & vascular imaging
- CT - Computed Tomography
- MRI -Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Nuclear Medicine
- Diagnostic Medical Sonography
4
Q
A digital way of doing general radiography with the use of CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY
A
Computed Radiography
5
Q
- An advanced form of x-ray inspection which prouces a digital radiographic image instantly on a computer
- Uses x-ray sensitive plates to capture data during object examination, which is immediately transferred to a computer without the use of an immediate cassette
A
Digital Radiography
6
Q
low energy x-rays to produce low contrast in soft tissues
A
Digital Mammography
7
Q
real time; more radiation dose because simultaneous contrast media
A
Digital Fluoroscopy
8
Q
series of x-ray images at different angles
A
Computed Radiography
9
Q
injects contrast media to the patient durig the procedure
A
automatic injector
10
Q
1 CT BRAIN SCAN = ?
A
10,000 Chest PA
11
Q
- strong magnetic fields
- non-ionizing
- much more expensive for more sophisticated brain images
A
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
12
Q
- small amounts of radioactive materials
A
Nuclear Medicine
13
Q
- sound waves
A
Diagnostic Medical Sonography
14
Q
- Computer process data collected patient using special electronic detectors that have replaced the X-ray film cassette
- Filmless radiography
A
Digital Radiography
15
Q
What are the steps (8) for the process of Digital Radiography
A
- X-ray tube
- Digital detector
- Analog-to-digital converter
- Digital data stream
- Computer processing
- Digtal Image
- Digital-to-analog converter
- Analog image
16
Q
Includes image and information managem systems, image storage, and image & data communications
A
Digital Image processing
17
Q
3 Basic steps of Film-based Radiography
A
- X-rays pass through the patient & fall upon the fim to form a latent image
- Rendered visible using chemical processing
- Displayed on a view box for viewing & interpretation by radiologist
18
Q
The film appears with ____ as a result of the amount of exposure transmitted by different parts of the anatomy
A
varying degrees of blackening
19
Q
standard SID for Chest PA
A
72 in”
20
Q
More exposure produces ____ & Less exposure produces _____
A
more blackening, less blackening
21
Q
a tool to measure density
A
Penetrometer
22
Q
Blackening in the image
A
Film Density
23
Q
Differences in densities in the image
A
Film Contrast
24
Q
-Refers to the collection of X-rays transmitted through the patient
- first step in the production of the image
A
Data Acquisition
25
Types of Detectors
CCD - Charged Coupled Devices
TFT - Thin Film Transistors
26
Converts X-ray into light, followed by the conversion of light into electrical signals
Indirect Capture Devices
27
Avoids the light-electricity conversion process & convert X-rays directly into electrical signals
Direct Capture Devices
28
An electronic integrated circuit used to convert the analog signals such as voltages to digital or binary form consisting of 1s and 0s
Analog to Digital Converter
29
-The ADC sends digital data for processing by a computer
- The computer uses special software to create or build up digital images using the binary number system
Computer Data Processing
30
Smallest unit of data in computer, discrete units
Bits
31
Smallest unit of data, discrete units
Bits
32
1 alpha numeric character = ?
1 Byte - 8 bits
33
The digital image, must be converted into an analog signal before it can be displayed on a monitor for viewingby the observer
Image Display & Post Processing
34
digital to analog converter (turns code to visible picture)
Monitor
35
Numerical Values of Pixels to Color Value
0 - 50 - Black
60 - 100 - Grey
100 -250 - White
36
The vast amount of images generated for the wide range of digital radiology examinations must be stored not only for retrospective analysis but also for medico-legal purposes
Image Storage
37
4 Image Storage Devices
1. Magnetic Tapes
2. Disks
3. Laser Optical Disks (Long-term Storage)
4. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks)
38
Use of computer networks to transmit images from the acquisition phase to the display/viewing & storage phase
Image & Data Communications
39
Image transmission within the hospital
LAN (Intranet)
40
Outside hospital/Remote locations
WAN (Internet)
41
used for storing/archiving & communicating images in the digital radiology department
PACS - Picture Archival and Communication System
42
RIS/HIS is integrated with the PACS via computer networks, using communication standards such as DICOM & HL7, for effective managements of patient information
Information Systems
43
an important element of image and data communications
Image Compression
44
two advantages of Image Compression
- To reduce storage space
- decrease the image transmission time
45
all data from the original file is preserved
Lossless or Reversible Compression
46
- removes some data from the original file and saves the image with a reduced file size
-method which eliminate unnoticeable data
Lossy or Irreversible Compression
47
Refers to the use of PACS & RIS and HIS to manage the vast number of images & text data produced in a digital radiology department with databases and management software
Image & Information Management
48
Handles essential textual information
RIS/HIS
49
Handles images generated by the various digital imaging modalities
PACS
50
what concept was originated in 1998
IHE - Integrating the Health Care Enterprise
51
IHE was developed by
Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) & Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HMSS)
52
The RSNA and HMSS developed what they refer to as?
Technical Framework
53
3 essential elements of Technical Framework
1. Data Model
2. An actor
3. An Integration Profile
54
Makes use of photostimulable or storage phosphors to produce digital images using existing X-ray imaging equipment
Computed Radiography
55
A computer is used to process data collected by radiographic means to produce digital images of the patient
Computed Radiography
56
When and Who: Introduced CR Imaging System?
1983, Fuji Medical Systems
57
What does PMT stand for?
Photomultiplier Tube
58
The IP can be used until how many times?
10,000 times
59
What are the 6 steps to processing a CR Image
1. Exposure of the imaging plate
2. Scan IP with laser beam
3. Light collection
4. Digital processor
5. Image Display on the Monitor
6. Erase IP
7. IP ready for another exposure
60
What converts light into an electrical signal
PMT (Photomultiplier tube)
61
- Limited ability to image detaill (spatial resolution) 3-5 lp/mm
- Contrast resolution can be manipulated
- Better DQE (converts X-ray into useful image)
CR Systems
62
Major PACS components
1. Image Acquisition devices
2. PACS computer
3. Device called interfaces
4. Display workstations
63
2 standards used in a PACS environment
DICOM and HL7
