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BDS3 Radiology > Digital and Film Radiography > Flashcards

Digital and Film Radiography Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

what is the difference between film and digital radiography

A

they differ in how the x-ray beam acts after it interacts with the patient
digital radiography receptors are reusable whereas film are not

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2
Q

what x-ray receptors are used for digital radiography

A

phosphor plate
solid state sensor

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3
Q

what are the types of film receptors

A

direct action film
indirect action film

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4
Q

what size receptor is used for anterior periapicals

A

size 0

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5
Q

what size receptor is used for bitewings and posterior periapicals

A

size 2

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6
Q

what size receptor is used for bitewings and posterior periapicals

A

size 2

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7
Q

what size receptor is used for occlusal radiographs

A

size 4

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8
Q

what is an x-ray shadow

A

pattern of attenuation after passing through the object

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9
Q

how is x-ray shadow converted to a digital image

A

the receptor measures the x-ray intensity at defined areas (arranged in a grid) and then each wee box in the squarer is given its own value relating to x-ray intensity which then corresponds to a specific shade of grey

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10
Q

what are pixels

A

the grids of square in a receptor
each pixel can only display one coloiur

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11
Q

what gives a higher resolution

A

more pixels

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12
Q

why do we want a higher resolution

A

provides a more diagnostic image but only up to a limit

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13
Q

why can using more pixels potentially be a problem

A

when you increase pixels you increase storage size on computer which is increased costs

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14
Q

what is the greyscale depth

A

number of different shades of grey available

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15
Q

how many shades of grey are processed in radiographs

A

8 bits

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16
Q

what is the real number of shades available for radiography

A

256 (2 to the power of 8) goes from 0-255

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17
Q

what is a massive advantage of digital radiography

A

you can manipulate the image (make it bigger, rotate, change contrast)

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18
Q

what is embossing

A

contrast stands out more easier

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19
Q

how are digital images stored

A

DICOM - digital imaging and communications in medicine - universally acceptable

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20
Q

what other information is stored in DICOM

A

patient ID
exposure settings
date of image

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21
Q

how are digital images managed

A

PACs
picture archiving and communication system

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22
Q

what are not part of PACs

A

dental practices - you would need to email the dental hospital as a GDP to get them

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23
Q

what are the main components of PACs

A

input by imaging modalities
secure network for transmission of patient information
workstations for interpreting and reviewing images

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24
Q

what should the environment be like when viewing digital radiographs

A

subdued lighting
avoid glare

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25
what is the SMPTE test pattern
something you can download from the internet asses the resolution, contrast and brightness of your monitor
26
what are the two types of digital intra-oral receptor
phosphor plates solid state sensors
27
are phosphor plates connected to the computer
no
28
what is the process for using phosphor plates
after the receptor is exposed to x-rays it needs to be put in a scanner and read to create the final image
29
how are images created using phosphor plates
the receptor is exposed to an x-ray beam and the phosphor crystals in the receptor are excited by the x-rays resulting in the creation of the latent image
30
how are images created after the phosphor receptors are placed in the scanner
the receptor is scanned by a laser the laser causes the excited phosphor crystals to emit visible light light is detected and creates the digital image
31
what are the two types of solid-state sensors
CCD (charge coupled device) CMOS (complimentary metal oxide semiconductor)
32
are solid state sensors connected to the computer
yes usually by a wire
33
how is the image created using solid state sensors
the latent image is created immediately and read within the sensor itself
34
what are the two disadvantages of solid state sensors
more expensive more bulky
35
what is the identification dot
small dot which is on corner of receptor that will be on the actual radiograph and helps to re-orientate the image
36
hoe are intra-oral receptors protected by cross-infection control
they are concealed by single use covers to prevent saliva contamination
37
what happens to the receptor between uses
disinfected
38
what damage might scratches and tears appear as on an x-ray receptor image
white lines
39
what might bending or creasing a receptor cause in the final image
distortion
40
what are benefits of phosphor plates
thinner lighter usually flexible wireless
41
what are the benefits of solid state sensors
more durable so you replace less often no issues with room-light control
42
what is in the middle of the radiographic film packet
radiographic film
43
what is around the radiographic film
protective black paper which protects from light exposure, damage and saliva
44
what sits under the radiographic film
lead foil which absorbs some excess x-ray bea,
45
what covers the whole film packet
outer wrapper which protects from saliva
46
how do images process on x-ray film
the film is sensitive to x-ray photons and visible light photons and the photons interact with the emulsion on film to produce latent image which only becomes visible after chemical processing
47
what is the structure of a radiographic film
transparent plastic base an adhesive that attaches emulsion to top and bottom of the plastic base around which is a protective coating of clear gleatin
48
what are embedded in the emulsion layer
silver halide crystals embedded in a gelatin binder
49
what effectively become the pixels of the final film image
the silver halide crystals
50
why do film images give higher resolution than digital
as the silver halide crystals are microscopic and they are what work as the pixels
51
what occurs to the silver halide crystals when processing
they are converted into particles of black metallic silver which give the dark parts of final image and the non-sensitised crystals are removed which gives the light areas
52
what is the purpose of the lead foil in the film
absorbs excess x-ray photons - those in primary beam continuing past film and those scattered by patients tissues
53
how can you tell on film radiography if you have placed the receptor the wrong way round
the lead foil is embossed with a pattern which appears on the final image
54
what does film speed relate to
the amount of x-ray exposure required to produce an adequate image
55
what is film speed affected by
number and size of silver halide crystals
56
what does an increased film speed mean
decreased radiation required to achieve an image
57
what must you do if changing to a different film speed
convert settings on x-ray unit by a qualified technician install a filter to absorb part of the primary x-ray beam
58
what are intensifying screens
you can reduce radiation dose but also get less detail
59
why is there less detail in intensifying screens
because the screen makes the photons spread out to a larger area so instead of a pinpoint accurate image they are larger
60
what are the different methods of film processing
manual automated self developing
61
what are the five steps of film processing
developing washing fixing washing drying
62
what occurs in the developing stage of film processing
converts sensitised crystals to black metallic silver particles
63
what occurs in washing stage of film processing
removes residual developer solution
64
what occurs in the fixing stage of film processing
removes non-sensitised crystals hardens emulsion
65
what occurs in the second washing stage of film processing
removal of fixer solution
66
what occurs in the drying stage of film processing
removes water so film can be handled/ stored
67
what is the manual cycle
person dips film into different tanks of chemicals at precise concentrations and temperatures
68
what is the automated cycle
all necessary steps carried out in a machine
69
what are self developing films
longer cover on it, the chemicals are kept in one end are squeezed down to meet the film - but NOT recommended
70
what is the chemical reaction that turns sensitised silver halide crystals to black crystals controlled by
time temperature concentration
71
what might cause a pale image
exposure issue (too low) developing solution (too cold, too old)
72
what is fixing
a chemical reaction which removes non-sensitised crystals and hardens remaining emulsion
73
what might show on an image if there has been inadequate fixing
the image will be greenish-yellow or milky image becomes brown over time
74
how are film radiographs stored
reliable organisation system
75
advantages of digital radiography
no chemical processing easier to store and archive easy transferring and sharing of images
76
disadvantages of digital radiography
worse resolution requires diagnostic level computer monitors data corruption or loss

BDS3 Radiology (9 decks)

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