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Biological Systems II > Digital Radiography > Flashcards

Flashcards in Digital Radiography Deck (27)
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1
Q

Bits- Bitonal image
• In the ____ image, each pixel is assigned a ____ value, in this example 0 for black and 1 for white. The bits are then interpreted and read by the computer to produce an analog version for display and printing

A

bitonal

tonal

2
Q

Pixels & Bits

Brightness resolution
The brightness or color value of each pixel is determined by one bit or a group of bits. The more bits used, the higher the ____

Bit depth
The greater the bit depth, the greater the number of ____ (____ or ____)

Digital images may be produced in black & white,(____) grayscale(____) or color(____)

A

brightness resolution
tones
grayscale
color

1 bit
2-8 bits
8-24 or > bits

3
Q
1 bit = 2 tones
2 bits=4 tones
3 bits= \_\_\_\_ tones
4 bits= 16 tones
8 bits= \_\_\_\_ tones
16 bits= \_\_\_\_ tones
24 bits= \_\_\_\_ tones
A

8
256
65536
16.7 million

4
Q
2 bit image
00 represents \_\_\_\_
 01 \_\_\_\_
10 \_\_\_\_
11 \_\_\_\_
A

black
dark gray
light gray
white

5
Q
1 bit = \_\_\_\_ measurement 
• 1 byte= \_\_\_\_ bits
• 1 kilobyte(kb)= \_\_\_\_ bytes
• 1 Megabyte(MB)= 1000 Kbs
• 1 Gigabyte(GB)= 1000 MBs
• 1 Terrabyte(TB)= 1000 GBs
A

smallest
8
1024

6
Q
Acquisition and display

Digital x-ray systems have 3 distinct parts to consider
1. Image \_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_ that displays and enhances the
image
3. \_\_\_\_, storage, retrieval and
\_\_\_\_

A

acquisition
software
integration
telecommunication

7
Q
CCD – \_\_\_\_
• CMOS/APS - \_\_\_\_ (CMOS) \_\_\_\_ (APS)
• PSP – \_\_\_\_
• CID – \_\_\_\_
• Hybrids – Electrical charge converted to \_\_\_\_
• Wireless
A
charge coupled device
complimentary metal oxide semiconductor
active pixel sensor
photo-stimulable phosphor plate
charge injection device
CMOS
8
Q

Noise classification: 􏰛____ 􏰛____

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
High SNR: ____
Low SNR: ____ resolution

A

internal/external
random/structure
good resolution
poor resolution

9
Q

Mach Band Effect
• Involves visual receptors and neural processing of visual signals
•Appearance of ____ but in the regions of tooth not affected by ____
• The effect of this phenomenon on the radiograph is to make dentin appear ____ where it meets enamel

A

radiolucent
cervical burnout
radiolucent

10
Q

Logicon caries detector
• While viewing a digital x-ray on-screen, the dentist selects a portion of the tooth surface for diagnosis. The Logicon® Caries Detector automatically:
– ____ any potential carious lesion on the tooth
– Shows ____ of caries into dentin


A

outlines

progression

11
Q

DenOptix
• DenOptix Image Cycle using PSP sensors
• Total scanning time: ____
• The time may vary depending on the type of scanner/resolution of the image

A

1:22 min

12
Q

Advantages for CID cameras over CCD cameras
CIDs prevent ____ or ____ under extreme lighting conditions

CIDs can read ____ areas of interest within a given frame at higher rates for faster capture and processing

CIDs give UV response down to 185 nm and near-IR response without blooming, fringing or loss of data resolution.

CIDs tolerate ____ environments.


A

blooming
streaking
multiple
high radiation

13
Q

Digital Panoramic Imaging
Both ____ based and ____ based systems
PSP based: Dentsply/Gendex Denoptix system


A

PSP

CCD

14
Q

Hot Pixel a pixel that reads ____ on ____, and can produce white, red (orange) or green (yellow green) pixels in longer exposures, the longer the exposure the more ____ the hot pixels

Dead Pixels a pixel that reads ____ is always ____ on all exposures. This state produces a ____ pixel in the final image.

Stuck Pixels a pixel that always reads ____ or is always ____ to maximum on all exposures this produces a ____ pixel in the final image.

A

high
longer exposures
visible

zero
off
black

high
on
white

15
Q

Interoperability is “the ability of ____ and ____ on different machines from different vendors to communicate”

A

software

hardware

16
Q

What is DICOM?
• ____ Imaging and ____ in Medicine.
• The recognized ____ for communication of images and related information.
• ____ .
• ____ in scope.
• Applicable to all ____ including radiographs and photographs. Covers ____ and ____.

A
digital
communication
Standard
voluntary
international
imaging
images
attributes
17
Q
Digital images can include:
• \_\_\_\_ radiography.
• \_\_\_\_ radiography.
• \_\_\_\_radiography.
• \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ radiography.
• \_\_\_\_.
• \_\_\_\_, CBCT, \_\_\_\_, PET, Nuclear Med.
• Intra-oral photography/video.
• \_\_\_\_\_ (surgical & histological).

A
intra-oral
panoramic
cephalometric
tomography
skull, sinus
CT, MRI
microscopy
18
Q

Father of the internet (initially worked on the DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SYSTEM (DCS)) which later turned into the internet

Upenn

A

david J farber

19
Q

gamma is a combination of _____ and _____

can only be adjusted in _____ imagery

A

contrast and density

digital

20
Q

the best signal profile is when it is _____ and more _____

this is evident in _____

A

rectangular
compact
direct ray

21
Q

profile of signal denotes how many _____ are pixelated; the more _____, the more _____ the image

best signal profile > _____ parabol, _____ signal profile

A
gray shades
gray shades
dense
taller
rectangular
22
Q

PSP/CCD/CMOS all use _____; CCD/CMOS are the only ones who use _____/CCD

A

scintillators

optical coupling

23
Q

CID is a hybrid between _____ and _____

A

CMOS

CCD

24
Q

SHIELDED SENSOR

incident x-rays > _____ > visible photons (w/ some _____) > _____ > visible light photons only > CCD/CMOS

A

scintillator
x-rays
optic fiber plate

25
Q

CCD has a _____ system noise, and a _____ fill factor

A

low

high

26
Q

important characteristics of a router: _____, _____, _____

in a dental officer, _____ would be ideal becasue of its _____ capacity

A
frequency
speed
range
A
short-range
27
Q

PSP uses a _____ to read; this is the _____ step of the process following the formation of the latent image from the _____

A

ruby laser
second
scintillator