Directed reading

Question 1

if you were discussing polymorphism

Answer 1

(gigord et al 2001) - orchid D.sambucina

• rare colour morphs have the advantage
• rewardless plant species to pollinators

Question 2

if you were discussing constraints on adaptation and sexual selection vs natural selection what paper

Answer 2

(Gratten et al 2008)

• dark coat colour is associated with male size and positively correlated with fitness
• homozygous dark have a reduced fitness
• dominant dark allele is associated with increased body size and increased fitness but also with decreased lifetime – LD between all 3 of the alleles in charge of these traits
• implications for microevolutionary change in natural populations because fitness variation at genotype level may not be evident in selection of phenotype

Question 3

if you were discussing geographic variation what paper

Answer 3

(Alcaide et al 2014)

• greenish warbler - RING SPECIES
• hybridisation between groups that diverged in allopatry
• natural and sexual selection also have roles for the difference in bird song
• genetic exchange has occurred at each area of secondary contact

Question 4

is you were discussing reproductive isolation in sympatry with postzygotic and prezygotic barriers what paper

Answer 4

(Linn et al 2004)

• species of fly use fruit odours to distinguish host plants to mate on
• hybrids have reduced fitness as they cant distinguish odours - post zygotic barrier
• pre zygotic barrier to mating
• reinforcement

Question 5

is you were discussing life history and senescence what paper

Answer 5

(Reznick et al 2004)

• guppy populations high and low mortality
• populations with higher mortality rates evolve earlier maturity and invest more in reproduction
• results in higher onset of senescence in regard to swimming
• HIGH PREDATION GUPPIES HAVE LOWER RATE OF SENESENCE EARLY IN LIFE AND ACCELERATED SENESENCE LATER IN LIFE (DEFERRED SENSENCE) – need improved escape performance when they are younger during the time when they have highest reproductive potential – so rates of senescence are later

Question 6

is you were discussing the evolution of sex what paper

Answer 6

( goddard et al 2005)

• sex increases the rate of adaptation to a new harsh environment but has no measurable effect on fitness in a new benign environment where there is little selection (WEISMANN THEORY)
• wesimann theory suggests adaptation to evolutionary challenges should proceed faster in sexual populations than asexual
• two fold cost of sex applies less to isogamous species than anisogamous species

Question 7

if you were discussing sexual selection what paper

Answer 7

(Holland and rice 1999)

• monogamous populations of drosophila had a higher reproductive rate than random mating
• sexually antagonistic coevolution between males toxic seminal fluid and females evolving resistance
• results indicate a cost of sexual selection caused by conflicts inherent to promiscuity

Question 8

is you were discussing multilevel selection and conflict which paper?

Answer 8

(Price et al 2010)

• polyandrous clades speciate more quickly (higher level selection)
• fruit flies with sex ratio chromosome
• polyandry helps to regulate the frequency of driving chromosomes because driving males have half as many offspring as nondriving so they are less successful (impedes the spread of a driver)
• 2 main conclusions 1) polyandry may reduce the rate of spread of deleterious selfish genetic elements 2) monandry increases extinction risk in species harbouring a sex chromosome meiotic driver because this allows the driver to rapidly spread to a high enough frequency to eliminate one sex