directing Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What is organizational behavior?
A
The study of both group and individual performance and action within an enterprise.
2
Q
What does individual behavior refer to?
A
Individuals behave, react, and respond in a given environment.
3
Q
Name three factors affecting individual behavior.
A
- Personal Factors
- Environmental Factors
- Organizational Factors
4
Q
Define personality in the context of individual behavior.
A
A dynamic concept describing the growth and development of a person’s whole psychological system.
5
Q
What is perception?
A
The viewpoint by which one interprets a situation and gives sensible meaning to the world around us.
6
Q
How are attitudes defined?
A
The way a person feels about something, which expresses positive or negative feelings.
7
Q
What do values represent in individual behavior?
A
An individual’s idea of what is right and what is wrong.
8
Q
List some economic factors that affect individual behavior.
A
- Employment Level
- Wage Rates
- General Economic Environment
- Technological Development
9
Q
What are socio-cultural factors?
A
Factors that include relationships with family, friends, and colleagues, and cultural background.
10
Q
How does the political environment affect individual behavior?
A
It influences behavior indirectly through factors like employment stability and investment levels.
11
Q
What is the legal environment in the context of individual behavior?
A
Formalized rules and laws that dictate behavior and are enforced by the legal system.
12
Q
What role do physical facilities play in organizational behavior?
A
They influence individual behavior through factors like noise level, heat, light, and cleanliness.
13
Q
What is the significance of organizational structure and design?
A
They dictate how departments are set up and how communication flows within the organization.
14
Q
What is the importance of leadership in organizational behavior?
A
Leaders provide direction and influence human behavior significantly.
15
Q
What is a reward system in an organization?
A
A system established to compensate employees and influence their behavior and performance.
16
Q
Name the stages of group development according to Tuckman’s model.
A
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
- Adjourning
17
Q
What occurs during the forming stage of group development?
A
Team members feel ambiguous and avoid conflict while looking for guidance.
18
Q
What are observable behaviors in the storming stage?
A
- Arguing among members
- Vying for leadership
- Lack of role clarity
- Power struggles
19
Q
What feelings and thoughts are common during the norming stage?
A
- Sense of belonging
- High confidence
- Acceptance of all members
- Freedom to express
20
Q
What defines the performing stage of group development?
A
True interdependence with flexibility and high productivity.
21
Q
What are observable behaviors in the adjourning stage?
A
- Visible signs of grief
- Momentum slows down
- Restless behavior
22
Q
Define motivation.
A
A psychological factor that affects performance, giving reason or enthusiasm for specific actions.
23
Q
What are the two types of motivation?
A
- Intrinsic Motivation
- Extrinsic Motivation
24
Q
What is intrinsic motivation?
A
Internal motivation that comes from pleasure, importance, or desire.
25
What is extrinsic motivation?
External motivation that occurs when external factors compel behavior.
26
List some techniques of motivation.
* Ask for employee input
* Offer personal enrichment programs
* Provide meaningful feedback
* Set intermittent goals
27
What is the purpose of asking for employee input?
To show employees that their opinions are valued and to improve working conditions.
28
How do personal enrichment programs benefit employees?
They promote growth and development, enhancing motivation and performance.
29
Why is meaningful feedback important?
It validates achievements and inspires team members.
30
Fill in the blank: Motivation is present in every function of life, such as eating and drinking, which are motivated by _______.
hunger and thirst
31
What are smaller, measurable goals used for in the workplace?
To create meaning and help employees stay motivated while working on a project.
## Footnote
Setting reasonable and achievable goals can keep employees motivated and encouraged when they hit notable milestones.
32
Why is it important to celebrate milestones and achievements?
It helps everyone on the team stay connected to the work and focused on the larger goal.
## Footnote
Tangible rewards like financial bonuses or lunch parties can further motivate team members.
33
How can radiating positivity affect the workplace?
It can significantly boost the productivity of your workplace.
## Footnote
Happiness is linked to increased productivity.
34
What is the purpose of a mentorship program?
To pair more experienced employees with less experienced ones to guide them along their career journey.
## Footnote
A good mentor can offer encouragement and understanding about trials and successes.
35
What are some ways to create a comfortable and inspiring workspace?
Add color to the walls, put up motivational posters, and encourage employees to decorate their own space.
## Footnote
Keeping workspaces clean and tidy is also important.
36
What activities can encourage mindfulness among employees?
Encouraging breaks, offering yoga or meditation classes, and promoting quiet moments.
## Footnote
These can provide motivation to meet tight deadlines.
37
What is a profit-sharing program?
A program that allows employees to share in the financial success of the organization.
## Footnote
It can improve performance and reduce turnover.
38
What are some ways to take employee benefits to the next level?
Add game rooms, snack bars, implement mental health days, or provide childcare.
## Footnote
Enhanced benefits can boost health and increase team motivation.
39
What is an incentive program?
A program that rewards employees for consistently working hard, separate from celebrating milestones.
## Footnote
It can include nonfinancial incentives like extra vacation days.
40
What is job enlargement?
The combining of job tasks across the same level within a company.
## Footnote
It increases interest and engagement in work among team members.
41
What are some advantages of job enlargement?
* Increased team member engagement
* Work flexibility
* Positive challenges
* Training opportunities
* Individual growth
* Development of soft skills
42
What are some disadvantages of job enlargement?
* Possibility of lower morale
* Temporarily slower production
* Job creep
* Increased stress
43
What is job enrichment?
The process of enhancing a job role by adding meaningful tasks and responsibilities, increasing autonomy, and providing opportunities for growth.
## Footnote
It aims to make work more satisfying for employees.
44
What are the key characteristics of job enrichment?
* Skill variety
* Task identity
* Task significance
* Autonomy
* Feedback
45
What is the main difference between job enlargement and job enrichment?
Job enlargement expands the scope of a job by adding more tasks, while job enrichment enhances the depth and complexity of a job.
## Footnote
Job enrichment often requires higher-level skills.
46
What is the definition of leadership?
The process of influencing the behavior of people towards the achievement of group objectives.
## Footnote
Leadership involves maintaining good interpersonal relations and motivating followers.
47
What are the features of leadership?
* Influence the behavior of others
* Inter-personal process
* Attainment of common organizational goals
* Continuous process
* Group process
* Dependent on the situation
48
What are some important aspects of leadership?
* Initiating action
* Providing motivation
* Providing guidance
* Creating confidence
* Building work environment
* Co-ordination
* Creating successors
* Inducing change
49
What qualities should a leader possess?
* Personality
* Knowledge
* Integrity
* Initiative
* Communication skills
* Motivation skills
* Self-confidence and will power
50
What is the role of a leader in seizing opportunities?
A leader takes initiative to grab opportunities and uses them to the advantage of the organization.
51
What is a key communication skill a leader must possess?
A leader needs to be a good communicator, able to explain ideas, policies, and procedures clearly.
52
What are the essential motivation skills for a leader?
A leader must understand the needs of the people and motivate them by satisfying those needs.
53
Why is self-confidence important for a leader?
A leader needs a high level of self-confidence and will-power to maintain belief among employees.
54
What does intelligence in a leader enable?
Intelligence enables a leader to analyze situations and make informed decisions.
55
What is decisiveness in leadership?
Decisiveness is the ability of a leader to make firm decisions and manage work effectively.
56
What social skills should a leader have?
A leader should possess empathy, a sense of responsibility, and accountability.
57
Define autocratic leadership style.
A leadership style where the leader makes all decisions independently.
58
What characterizes a democratic leadership style?
A style where the leader consults subordinates before making final decisions.
59
Describe laissez-faire or free-rein leadership style.
A style where the leader gives subordinates complete freedom to make decisions.
60
What does the Great Man theory of leadership propose?
Leaders are born, not made, possessing inherent qualities of leadership.
61
What do contingency theories of leadership emphasize?
They emphasize the importance of the situation in determining the best leadership style.
62
What do transformational theories of leadership focus on?
They focus on how leaders transform and develop members of the organization.
63
What are trait theories of leadership?
Theories that state leaders are born with specific traits necessary for leadership.
64
What do behavior theories of leadership suggest?
A leader is defined by their behavior and can learn new leadership qualities through actions.
65
What is the basis of transactional theories of leadership?
These theories are based on motivating members who are not self-motivated.
66
What do situational theories of leadership emphasize?
They emphasize the importance of the situation over individual personality in leadership effectiveness.
67
List the importance of leadership theories.
* Explain how individuals can become great leaders
* Improve behavior and quality for effective leadership tasks
* Guide and motivate individuals to succeed in leadership roles
68
What is the definition of communication?
Communication is the transfer of information from the sender to the receiver with understanding.
69
What are the six elements of communication?
* Sender
* Message
* Encoding
* Media/Channel
* Decoding
* Receiver
* Feedback
70
What model is designed to develop effective communication?
Shannon-Weaver Model.
71
What does the sender do in the communication process?
The sender conveys a message to other persons.
72
What is the role of feedback in communication?
Feedback ensures that the receiver has received and understood the message as intended.
73
What is formal communication?
Communication based on formal organizational relationships.
74
What is informal communication?
Communication that emerges from social interactions among people.
75
What are the advantages of informal communication?
* Spreads information fast
* Facilitates social interaction
* Can lead to rumors
76
What is upward communication?
Communication that flows from lower levels to higher levels in an organization.
77
What is downward communication?
Communication that flows from higher levels to lower levels in an organization.
78
Define horizontal communication.
Communication between individuals at the same hierarchical level.
79
What is oral communication?
Communication through spoken words.
80
What are the advantages of written communication?
* Distance is immaterial
* Preserved as records
* Clear reference
81
What are semantic barriers?
Barriers that occur when the sender and receiver have different understandings of a message.
82
True or False: Psychological barriers only arise from semantic misunderstandings.
False.
83
What is a semantic barrier?
A barrier that arises due to holding different meanings of symbols, lack of clarity, wrong interpretations, physical noise, faulty translations, and unclarified assumptions.
## Footnote
Semantic barriers can significantly impair effective communication.
84
List the reasons for semantic barriers.
* Holding different meanings of symbols
* Badly expressed messages
* Wrong interpretations
* Physical noise
* Faulty translations
* Unclarified assumptions
85
What are psychological barriers in communication?
Emotional barriers that affect the state of mind of both sender and receiver.
## Footnote
Psychological barriers can significantly impact the effectiveness of communication.
86
List the psychological barriers to communication.
* Premature evaluation
* Lack of attention
* Loss due to transmission
* Distrust between communicator and communicatee
87
What are organizational barriers?
Barriers that affect the effectiveness of communication within an organization.
## Footnote
Organizational barriers can hinder the flow of information and create misunderstandings.
88
List the organizational barriers to communication.
* Unsupportive organizational policies
* Rigid rules
* Psychological distance due to status
* Delay caused by multiple levels
* Lack of good facilities for communication
89
What are personal barriers in communication?
Barriers that arise from individual attitudes and behaviors affecting communication flow.
## Footnote
Personal barriers can stem from the attitudes of superiors and the motivation of subordinates.
90
List the personal barriers to communication.
* Attitude of superiors
* Lack of confidence in subordinates
* Unwillingness to communicate
* Lack of motivation or incentives
* Overburden with work
91
What are physical barriers to communication?
Barriers that arise from environmental factors affecting communication.
## Footnote
Physical barriers can include issues like poor hearing and distance.
92
What is the interpersonal mode of communication?
A mode where participants observe and monitor each other to adjust and clarify meanings.
## Footnote
It involves direct interaction, such as conversations and interviews.
93
What is the interpretive mode of communication?
A mode focused on cultural interpretation of meanings in written and spoken form without active negotiation.
## Footnote
It includes following instructions and requests.
94
What is the presentational mode of communication?
A mode that involves creating messages for interpretation by members of another culture without direct negotiation.
## Footnote
This mode is important in cross-cultural communication.
95
What is electronic communication?
Communication that uses the internet to transmit and receive text and documents.
## Footnote
E-mail is a primary example of electronic communication.
96
What distinguishes instant messaging from e-mail?
Instant messaging is in 'real' time or uses portable communication devices, unlike e-mail.
## Footnote
This allows for immediate communication.
97
What is a weblog?
A website consisting of a series of entries arranged in reverse chronological order, often updated frequently.
## Footnote
Weblogs can contain various types of content, including user contributions.
98
What is video conferencing?
A method that allows employees to have meetings across different locations using live audio and video.
## Footnote
This technology facilitates interactive meetings without physical presence.
99
Name three essentials of an effective communication system.
* Clarity of ideas
* Understanding the audience
* Proper feedback
100
Fill in the blank: The communication should aim at _______ of the enterprise.
[future goals]
101
True or False: A good communicator must be a good listener.
True
## Footnote
Listening is crucial for effective communication.
102
What should be given proper attention in the communication process?
Timing and timeliness of communication.
## Footnote
Effective communication requires awareness of when to communicate.
