Disability and Health Related Behaviour

Question 1

What is health related behaviour?

Answer 1

Anything that may promote good health or lead to illness e.g. smoking, exercise

Question 2

Name the three learning theories

Answer 2

1) Classical Conditioning
2) Operant conditioning
3) Social learning theory

Question 3

Name the two social cognition models

Answer 3

1) Health belief model

2) Theory of planned behaviour

Question 4

Explain classical conditioning and give an example

Answer 4

Behaviours become linked to an unrelated stimuli e.g. Pavlov’s dogs or Watson’s Little Albert study

Question 5

How can you change classical conditioning?

Answer 5

• Aversive techniques in smoking/alcohol misuse
= pair behaviour with unpleasant response
– alcohol + medication to induce nausea (nausea is
result of medication + alcohol but comes to be
associated with alcohol (CR))
– smoke holding
• Break unconscious response
– elastic band on cigarette packet!

Question 6

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 6

• People/animals act on the environment and behaviour is shaped by the consequences (reward or punishment)
• behaviour reinforced (increases) if it is
– rewarded
– a ‘punishment’ is removed
• behaviour decreases if it is
– punished
– a reward is taken away

Question 7

What is social learning theory?

Answer 7

People can learn vicariously (through observation/

modelling)

Question 8

What example is driven by short term rewards?

Answer 8

Operant conditioning e.g. chocolate, unsafe sex

Question 9

Name the limitations of conditioning theories

Answer 9

• Classical and operant conditioning based on simple stimulus-response associations
• No account of cognitive processes, knowledge, beliefs, memory, attitudes, expectations etc.
• No account of social context

Question 10

In social learning theory when are people motivated to perform behaviours?

Answer 10

• People are motivated to perform behaviours:
– that are valued (lead to rewards)
– that they believe they can enact (self-efficacy)
• We learn what behaviours are rewarded, and
how likely it is we can perform behaviour, from observing others
• Modelling more effective if models (person) are viewed as high status or ‘like us’ (value/ability)

Question 11

Give a negative outcome of social learning theory

Answer 11

Drinking, Drug abuse

Question 12

Give a Positive outcome of social learning theory

Answer 12

Peer education, Celeb role models

Question 13

What do the social cognition models focus on?

Answer 13

Cognitive factors in health-related behaviour – knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, expectations etc.

Question 14

Describe the health belief model

Answer 14

Learn drawing

Question 15

What are the limitations of the health belief model

Answer 15

Ignores:

• Rationale and reasoning – often consequences are only thought about after the action
• Decisions – habit, conditioned behaviour, coercion
• Emotional factors – fear
• Incomplete – self-efficacy, broader social factors

Question 16

Draw the theory of planned behaviour

Answer 16

see notes

Question 17

Explain the intention behaviour gap

Answer 17

The TPB model is a good predictor of intentions but poor predictor of behaviour. The problem is translating intentions into behaviour.

Question 18

Why was the stages of change (transtheoretical) model created?

Answer 18

The way people think about health behaviours, &
willingness to change their behaviour, are not static. Therefore created stages which people may
pass through over time in decision making / change different cognitions may be important determinants of health behaviour at different times

Question 19

Name the 6 stages of the transtheoretical model

Answer 19

1) Precontemplation
2) Contemplation
3) Preparation
4) Action
5) Maintenance
6) Relapse

Question 20

Draw the stages of change model

Answer 20

See notes

Question 21

What is considered hazardous drinking?

Answer 21

Peoplewhoaredrinkingoverthesensible
drinkinglimits,eitherregularexcessiveconsumptionorlessfrequentsessions ofheavydrinking.Howevertheyhavesofar
avoidedsignificantalcoholrelatedproblems.

Question 22

What is considered harmful drinking?

Answer 22

Drinkingatlevelsabovethoserecommendedfor

sensibledrinking and higher than ‘hazardousdrinkers’. Also have alcoholrelatedharm -physicalormental.

Question 23

What is considered moderate dependance drinking?

Answer 23

Drinkerswhohavea‘degree’ofdependence
butwhohavenotreachedthestageof‘relief
drinking’whichistosaydrinkingtoavoid
physicaldiscomfortfromwithdrawal
symptoms.

Question 24

What is considered severe dependance drinking?

Answer 24

‘chronicalcoholics’ - typically they have experienced significant alcohol withdrawal and have formed the habit of drinking to stop withdrawl.

Question 25

What is considered complex needs drinking?

Answer 25

Part of severe depndance group. Drinkers with complex needs such as  psychiatric problems, poly‐drug dependence,  homelessness, and multiple previous episodes  of treatment. 

Question 26

Which alcoholic group is eligible for detox in community?

Answer 26

Up to moderate dependance

Question 27

Which alcoholic group may require in-patient alcohol detox?

Answer 27

Severe dependance

Question 28

Briefly describe the management of patience with substance misuse

Answer 28

Pharmalogical - Substitute prescription, Symptom med i.e. supportive, relapse prevention drugs e.g. disulfarim Councelling and advice Social and environment

Question 29

Describe drug using behaviour

Answer 29

``` • Purposive • It is an attempt to meet a need... • Meaningful • Comprehensible (Bollocks) ```

Question 30

Describe 3 strategies for changing health behaviour

Answer 30

* Information – health education, health promotion * Behavioural skills and resources e.g. smoking cessation programmes, exercise advice * Incentives to change e.g. financial incentives