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Large Animal Surgery > Disbudding/Dehorning and Antler Removal > Flashcards

Disbudding/Dehorning and Antler Removal Flashcards

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1
Q

Why disbud?

A
  • Prevent injury to animals
  • Prevent injury to people
  • Remove damaged horn tissue
  • No need for horns
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2
Q

Definition of disbudding/dehorning

A
  • Removal of or destruction of those structurs from which teh horn will grow or is growing from
  • Horn bud
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3
Q

Parts of the horn proper

A
  • Corium
  • Cornual process (becomes the cornual sinus)
  • Cornual diverticulum
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4
Q

What is the goal of disbudding?

A
  • Destroy corium from which horn and cornual process develop
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5
Q

AVMA recommendations

A
  • Remove when it’s young
  • Done at earliest age possible
  • Use a local block (lidocaine is inexpensive)
  • NSAID
  • Benefits animal and producer
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6
Q

Three reasons to disbud at a young age

A
  • Reduces stress
  • Less development
  • Fewer complications
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7
Q

When to debud a calf?

A
  • First months of life
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8
Q

When to debud a goat?

A
  • First several weeks
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9
Q

Complications of cutting into cornual sinus

A
  • Communicates with the frontal sinus

- If you cut that open, risk of sinusitis and exophthalmia

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10
Q

Cornual nerve block location

A
  • Underneath the frontal crest

- When we’re blocking out, we want to block halfway between the base of the horn and the lateral canthus

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11
Q

Types of dehorning methods

A
  • Caustic paste
  • Dehorning iron
  • Horn gouge or tube dehorners
  • Barnes dehorner
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12
Q

What nerve do we block for disbudding a cow horn?

A
  • Cornual branch of the infratrochlear nerve that comes off of CN 5
  • Lidocaine plus NSAIDs (flunixin or meloxicam)
  • Longest pain control if you use NSAID plus local anesthetic
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13
Q

Caustic paste

A
  • Alkaline compound (calcium chloride)
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14
Q

Advantage of caustic paste

A
  • Destroys corium and horn bud

- Quick and less painful

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15
Q

Disadvantage of of the caustic paste

A
  • Paste into eyes (keratitis) or onto udder of cow (dermatitis)
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16
Q

Clove oil

A
  • Clove oil used to disbud goat kids

- But not used in the US

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17
Q

Dehorning irons goal

A
  • Destroy the developing horn bud and corium
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18
Q

Dehorning irons length of time

A
  • Put in place for 3-5 seconds
  • Block them out first
  • should look like leather
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19
Q

Cryosurgery

A
  • They do it here
  • Uses liquid nitrogen
  • Can use a cotton ball, a sprayer, or something to tap it to
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20
Q

Barnes dehorner

A
  • Gouge like device
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21
Q

De-bulking

A
  • Line of cut

- want to get under the line of hair

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22
Q

Anesthesia for older cattle

A
  • Local nerve block

- NSAIDs

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23
Q

How do you block the cornual nerve?

A
  • Go perpendicular toe the crest

- Put it in under the frontal crest and inject as you pull it back

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24
Q

Tongs for dehorning

A
  • Put these underneath the frontal crest
  • This prevents them from bleeding all over
  • If they start bleeding you can push underneath the frontal crest
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25
Methods for cutting off a horn in an older cow
- Large Barnes dehorner - OB wire (which he prefers) - or a giant saw (he doesn't like this) - Keystone (large guillotine)
26
How to stop bleeding for dehorning?
- Blood stop powder | - Or you can tie a figure 8 with baling twine over the horn base and take it off in a bit
27
Cosmetic dehorning
- Charge people a bunch - You undermine and cut off the horn - Undermine the skin and suture it back together - Not a fan
28
5 Post-dehorning
1. Control bleeding 2. Fly control (don't do it during fly season; use a fly tag) 3. Clean environment 4. Feed hay on ground (don't want to feed in hay nets or get into the surgery site) 5. Examine animals frequently
29
How long for a horn to heal after dehorning?
2-4 weeks
30
Blood from the nose after a dehorn meaning
- Some hemorrhage - Animal had a dehorn and bled through the nose - Blood in the frontal sinus that bleeds out through the nose
31
What causes scurs?
- Incomplete removal of corium | - Horn grows abnormally
32
Treatment for scurs
- Often just a cosmetic thing | - You can just use OB wire to cut it off
33
What do you risk if you wait to dehorn a goat?
- Getting into the open frontal sinus
34
Why dehorn a goat?
- Horned animals may be not allowed in shows | - same as for cow dehorn
35
Why leave horns on a goat?
- Packers often prefer horns | - Aid in cooling
36
Which two nerves do you block for goats and cervidae?
- Two nerves innervating the horn - Cornual branch of the lacrimal (in the eye - Cornual branch of the infratrochlear (L shape behind the zygomatic arch)
37
Lidocaine toxicity in goats
- Historic, anecdotal?
38
Dosing for lidocaine in goats
- <10 mg/kg
39
How to avoid lidocaine toxicity?
- Avoid massive local infusions | - Dilute lidocaine (he does dilute to 1% and use 3 cc; 0.5 cc per spot
40
Scent glands on goats and disbudding
- Often remove the scent glands when your disbudding
41
Handling a goat
- Use a goat box
42
Method for disbudding a less than 1 week old goat
- Careful electrocautery | - Dehorning iron
43
Method for disbudding a greater than 1 week old goat kid
- Cut bud off and cauterize with electrocautery - You want a really hot iron - Doesn't have to be consecutive burning; you can let it cool in-between - 3 1 second bursts
44
Older goat dehorning pain control
- Usually have to sedate and also locally anesthetize - General anesthesia - Xylazine, butorphanol, etc.
45
Methods for removing a goat horn
- Obstetric wire | - If they don't get into the sinus they will just cauterize
46
Post op care for removing a goat horn
- If you get into the frontal sinus you have to bandage it - Cannot leave it open - 4-5 days - Total healing may take several days
47
Gouge or Barne's dehorner in a goat
- DO NOT DO IT | - This is how you kill a goat because you will fracture their calvarium
48
Dehorning complications
- Thermal meningitis, brain necrosis - Sinusitis - Frontal bone necrosis - Loss of social status - Decreased milk production - Scurs
49
Sinusitis
- Suppurative infection of one or more para-nasal sinuses | - dehorning more than disbudding more commonly
50
Which sinus is most frequently affected by dehorning?
- Frontal sinus
51
What issue is most commonly associated with maxillary sinus?
- Tooth issue
52
Clinical findings of sinusitis?
- Drainage - Anorexic, febrile - Nasal discharge (Pus coming out of the dehorning site) - Head tilt - Percussion is dull - Exophthalmia - chronically - Bulging - chronically - Diagnostic tap/radiographs
53
Trephination
- Drilling a hole through bone into the frontal sinus | - Can use it diagnostically and therapeutically
54
Frontal sinus (anatomy)
- Rostral limit is an imaginary line drawn through the middle of the orbits - Medially there is a complete bony septum - Caudally there is the pole - Laterally - extends to the point just rostral to the external ear - Main and turbinate portion - Communicates with the nasal cavity through the ethmoids
55
Compartments of the frontal sinus
- Post orbital diverticula | - Cornual diverticula
56
-What will happen if the post-orbital diverticulum ruptures?
- Exophthalmos
57
Treatment for sinusitis secondary to dehorning
- Examine the dehorning site (make sure there is not a sequestrum) - TPR - Possible culture and sensitivity - Systemic antibiotics - NSAIDs - Flush sinus cavity with peroxide and betadine - Trephination to establish ventral drainage (rare now) - He likes to squirt mastitis ointment (cephapirin that is for lactating cows and squirt it into the sinus)
58
Nose ringing reasons
- Method of restraint for bulls - They respect it - Humane but safe - Also prevents suckling
59
What material are nose rings made out of?
- Typically brass because it's not tissue reactive
60
Nose ring application
- Block them out with lidocaine in the internasal septum - Go in front of the cartilage in the tissue between the two nares - You can push through with a trephine or a blade - Good restraint is important
61
Deer antlers
- Shed in the fall and winter | - Grow (spring like flowers) yearly
62
Velvet antler
- Cartilaginous, pre-calcified growth stage | - Has vasculature and nerves
63
Antler material
- True bone vs horn which is like a nail - It's a bone that gets shed every year - Pedicle is the permanent structure that attaches to the bone where it grows from
64
How much calcium salt needed to grow antlers?
- Need 50+ lbs of calcium salts
65
In which species do the females have antlers?
- Caribou and reindeer
66
How can you inhibit antler growth in deer and elk?
- Castration before first antler growth
67
What happens if you castrate a deer in velvet?
- Permanent retention of velvet - will not shed
68
What happens if you castrate a deer with the hard antler?
- Immediate drop of antler, replacement to velvet stage next year, and persistence - Pedicles fall off too
69
Nerve supply for cervid antlers
- Nerve supply similar to goats - Block in the front of the globe and at the zygomatic arch - Specific nerve block or ring block when in velvet - Not necessary AFTER the velvet
70
Chemical and physical restraint for deer antler removal
- Carfentanil and xylazine (naltrexone and yohimbine for reversal) - Ketamine and medetomidine - BAM (Butorphanol, azaperone, medetomidine) - Want them in a controlled space
71
Analgesia for antler removal
- See previous notecard - Nerve blocks - Surgery and hemostasis

Large Animal Surgery (7 decks)

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