Discipline of Linguistics

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Social Science Reviewer

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Linguistics is interdisciplinary in nature

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intersecting the humanities with the social sciences as it inquires on the basic element that allows societies to communicate ideas across time and space. The term linguistics was derived from the Latin word lingua

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Language allows us to express and understand each other’s thoughts

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ideas

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Language is strictly a human capacity which allows us to relate complex ideas. It is commonplace and is used with little cognitive effort as evidenced by the rapid language acquisition of children. Language

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which involves one’s mouth and ears

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In the 19th century

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linguistics was known as philology or the study of the history of words. Philologists studied how and why words transformed over time

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Linguistics as a discipline deal with three principal components: sound

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structure

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In the 19th century

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linguistics was known as philology or the study of the history of words. Philologists studied how and why words transformed over time

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The system governing a particular convention of language such as syntax and phonology is called fangwe

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while the actual use of the language by an individual is called parole.

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Noam Chomsky (born 1928) is an American linguist

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philosopher

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Cohesion refers to linguistic links such as pronouns and adjectives which provide a recognizable structure.

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Coherence is the logic within discourse that takes into account our knowledge of the world.

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Plato was the early scholar of language. His work

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Cratylus

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Critical- discourse analysis is the study of a text within its social context

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Dialect- is an identifiable regional or social variety of language. A language • communicated over an area can be spoken differently in some form or another in differe places

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and this is called regional dialect. A language in a small area can even be spoken differently by different social groups within the community

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Discourse- is any connected piece of speech or writing

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which serves as the chain that holds communication together. A discourse is produced either by a single speaker or writer or by two people engaged in a conversation and even in written exchanges.

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Saussure stressed that language is structural therefore freeing it to other words in social

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political

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The Prague School studied syntax by establishing the relationship between words and discourse. Their inquiry led them to the notions of the (on what the discourse is about); rheme (on what is said about the discourse)

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given (on wia the addressee knows about the discourse); and new (on what information was provided to the addressee).

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Edward Sapir (1884-1939) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) were American linguists who developed the principle of linguistic relativity or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

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The term “politics” originates from the Greek word “politikos” meaning “of

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for

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Political science is the study of political power

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relations

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activities

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as well as governmental systems. Traditionally

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on the state and its institutions.

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IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

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Francis Lieber Gaetano Masca

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John W. Burgess Max Weber

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Charles E

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Merriam Talcot Parsons

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Arthur Bentley John Locke

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Alexis de Tacqueville Jacques Rousseau

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Hammurabi

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discovered in 1901

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Confucius

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a Chinese philosopher

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Plato's political philosophy centered on the idea of a just state or republic

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with societal divisions based on this concept.Plato believed justice is achieved when individuals act

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according to their assigned class; corruption occurs when people deviate from their roles. His ideal state is divided into three classes: merchants

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soldiers

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Aristotle

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a student of Plato

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St. Augustine (354–430 CE) was an early Christian theologian and philosopher. His approach to politics was directly influenced by his theological ideas. His ideal state

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in fact

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St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274)

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also known as the “Doctor Angelicus

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Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)

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was an Italian historian

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Demography comes from the Greek words demos (people) and graphia (a description of). From this etymology

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we may derive that demography is a study of describing people. As an academic field under the social sciences

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Demography describes the composition of a population according to its basic and socioeconomic features. A population's basic features include age

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sex

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Thomas Malthus was an English cleric and scholar whose most notable work is An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798). He was instrumental in the discussions of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. Malthus discussed how population growth would inevitably lead to the increase in consumption of products required for human living.

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Kingsley Davis is known to have coined and defined the term zero population growth

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which refers to a phenomenon when the birth rate of the population is equal to its death rate.

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Timothy Dyson

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a retired professor of population studies at the London School of Economics

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KEY CONCEPTS IN DEMOGRAPHY

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Urbanization - is the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas. It refers to the growth percentage of the urban population to total population.

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Migration - is the movement of people across a particular boundary to establish a permanent or semi-permanent residence. There are two types of migration depending on the political boundaries crossed: international and internal.

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Population refers to the number of inhabitants in a given area such as countries and regions. It also denotes a commonality or shared characteristics by individuals

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Mortality - is the death rate or frequency of death in a population. A low mortality rate could contribute to an increase in population but could also affect social dynamics due to issues relating to an aging population.

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Fertility - can either mean the live birth of a population or the number of women in childbearing age (15-49 years old). A society with a high fertility rate could have an expected increase in population.

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The statistical approach in studying populations rooted from one of the foremost demographers

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Englishman John Graunt (1620-1674).

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Johan Süssmilch (1707-1767)

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a German demographer

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Important Personalities in Psychology

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Hippocrates (460-377 BCE)

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was an ancient Greek physician

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whose main contribution is known today as the Hipporatic Oath.

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Imam-Razi (850-925 BCE)

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was an Islamic philosopher who theorized that sentimental attachment to material objects could be a cause of mental illness when the object is lost or the person is separated from it.

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Imam-Ghazali (1058-1111 CE)

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was an Islamic philosopher who believed that the self is the essence of man and that the self is the core from which personality arises.

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René Descartes (1596-1650)

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was a French philosopher

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mathematician

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Wang Qingren (1768-1831)

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was a Chinese physician who offered an analysis of psychological activities as an effect of brain functions.

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He also theorized how brain functions cause dreams and insomnia.

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Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832-1920)

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A German physician and philosopher

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is regarded as the Father of Experimental Psychology

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William James (1842-1910)

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an American philosopher and psychologist

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was the first to have offered an academic course in psychology in the United States.

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One of his most prominent propositions was the theory of self in which he divided the self into two— the “Me” and the “I.”

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Max Wertheimer

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The Austro-Hungarian-born psychologist Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) is known to be one of the fathers of Gestalt psychology.

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

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was an Australian neurologist who became known as the Father of Psychoanalysis.

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B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

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an American psychologist and social philosopher

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is known as one of the fathers of behavioral psychology.

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Important Personalities in Sociology

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Auguste Comte

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Herbert Spencer

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Lester F. Ward

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Emile Durkheim

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Max Weber

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Karl Marx

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The Key Concept in Sociology

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Society is defined as a "group of people who share in one form or another distinct commonality."

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Institution is a complex and organized entity which aims to protect and enable the continuing function of values adopted by society.

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Norms refer to the values and behaviors which are considered acceptable in society.

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Deviance is straying away from or going out of what is the norm.

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SOCIOLOGY IS SIMPLY DEFINED AS "THE STUDY OF SOCIETY."

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Chinese thinkers like Confucius and Ma Duanlin both documented the social dynamics of Chinese society

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the former doing so in 5th century BCE and the latter

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In the Middle East

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Ibn Khaldun did an early form of sociological inquiry in his work Muqaddimah (1377)

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Human ecology studies society in relation to its environment.

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Penology or penal science studies how punishment is conducted on the offending members of society.

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Case study is a research method which focuses on a particular social phenomenon and its effects on a specific group of people or an individual