discrimination Flashcards
(17 cards)
what is discrimination
treating otherwise identical individuals differently because of group-level characteristics
Gary Becker (1957)
believed some people are willing to pay to express hatred towards groups by discriminating them
Kenneth Arrow (1972)
discrimination occurs simply as a result of people trying to maximise their own material payoffs
statistical discrimination
man sells car insurance to 2 drivers main and woman, statistically men take more risk and crash more than women, therefore he sells more expensive car insurance to man
what might statistical discrimination come from
-accurate beliefs about group differences -inaccurate stereotypes
social identity theory, tajfel and turner, 1970
social categorisation- view others as ‘in-group’ or ‘out-group’ social identification- self-esteem depends on positive view of own group group comparison-positive view of own group leads to believing its better than others, results in discrimination against ‘bas’ out-group
other theories of discrimination from physchology
unconscious bias- split second decision, ‘implicit association tests,
Econ discrimination
job market- employers treating some groups better than others, housing market-landlord refusing to rent out markets for goods and services- offer lower prices to some groups than others differential treatment- citizen public services
measuring discrimination
-part of gender wage gap is ‘unexplained’ -overestimate discrimination if unexplained component. -would underestimate discrimination if someone explained components are themselves due to discrimination.
measuring discrimination 2
lab experiments, observe decisions made by participants natural field experiments, done in ‘real world’
measuring discrimination- use of experiments
lab experiments-observe decisions made by participants natural field experiments- done in real world, people don’t know they are in experiment
audit studies
e.g. applicants sent out to job interviews, applicants belong to one of 2 groups if we are studying gender, male and female
example of an audit study
Neumark, D., Bank, R. J., & Van Nort, K. D. (1996). Sex discrimination in restaurant hiring, results- more expensive restaurants offered males more jobs, females offered lower paying /skill roles
correspondence studies
fake cv’s sent to employer, cvs all identical except for race or gender. 1 sent to each employer as they are all identical
example of correspondence studies
Petit, P. (2007). The effects of age and family constraints on gender hiring discrimination: sent fake cvs to various types of jobs in French financial sector, varied age and gender, age-25-37
results of correspondence study
no gender discrimination when applicants were aged 37 no gender discrimination when 25 year old applicants applied to low skilled jobs but when applying to high skilled jobs female aged 25 received lower responses than male aged 25
mythological issues w correspondence studies
ethics-discrimination is measured only for the first stage of the application process
