Disease

Question 1

What is Disease

Answer 1

a problem with a structure or process in the body that is not caused by an injury

Question 2

what is health

Answer 2

a state of complete/uncomplete physical, social and mental wellbeing

Question 3

What is a pathogen

Answer 3

A microorganism that can cause diseases

Question 4

What is Deficiency in diet

Answer 4

Lack of a certain nutrient, mineral, or vitamin

Question 5

What is malnutrition

Answer 5

Getting the wrong quality/quantity of nutrients

Question 6

What is obesity

Answer 6

Condition where large amounts of fat are under the skin and around internal organs

Question 7

What is Cardio Vascular disease

Answer 7

It is where fat is deposited around the heart and in arteries

Question 8

What are the two ways of testing for obesity

Answer 8

Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist to Hip Ratio

Question 9

What is a stroke

Answer 9

A condition caused by reduced or blocked blood flow to a certain area of the brain

Question 10

What is a stent

Answer 10

A stent is a mesh tube that is surgically put into arteries to keep them open

Question 11

What is a epidemic

Answer 11

When many people over a large area are infected with the same pathogen at the same time

Question 12

What is the immune system

Answer 12

It is a complex system that defends the body against pathogens that breach the defence barrieres.

Question 13

What is an Antigen

Answer 13

A specific molecule on the outside of every pathogen, it is used by the immune system to identify it.

Question 14

What are antibiotics

Answer 14

Substances that kill or stop the cell processes of pathogens

Question 15

What does resistant mean

Answer 15

Something isn’t effected

Question 16

What are the two types of Antibiotics

Answer 16

Bactericide (Kills) and Bacteriostatic (Stops)

Question 17

What is Antibiotic resistance

Answer 17

It is where bacteria has immunity to an antibiotic, they are not effected by it

Question 18

What is an antibiotic

Answer 18

It is a substance that kill or stop their cell process

Question 19

What are the stages of drug development

Answer 19

Screening for potential drugs
Preclinical trials
Clinical trials
Approved by medical agency

Question 20

What are placebos

Answer 20

A substance that appears like the real drug but does not have any effect

Question 21

What is a blind trial

Answer 21

were the perticipants don’t know which one is the placebo and which one is the real drug

Question 22

What are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 22

Antibodies are clones from one parent cell which are specific to one antigen

Question 23

What are myeloma cells

Answer 23

Type of tumour

Question 24

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 24

Detection of pathogens, pregnancy tests, cancer treatment…

Question 25

What do pregnancy tests test for

Answer 25

hCG in urine

Question 26

What is cholera

Answer 26

Disease spread by water, symptons being diarrhoea and vomitting

Question 27

What is tuberculosis

Answer 27

Air born bacteria which causes lung damage, coughing and wheezing

Question 28

What is chalara ash dieback

Answer 28

Airoborn disease which effects ash trees, caused by fungus, causes tree to die

Question 29

What is Malaria

Answer 29

Spread by mosquito vectors, with flu like syptoms

Question 30

What is Ebola

Answer 30

caused by Ebola virus, spread by contact with body fluids, blood semen, sweat... symptoms- fever diarrhoea

Question 31

How do viruses cause disease

Answer 31

They enter host cells replicate inside of them, then they rupture exposing new cells

Question 32

How do viruses differ from other microorganisms

Answer 32

They are not living organisms

Question 33

How do viruses reproduce

Answer 33

Lytic pathway Lysogenic pathway

Question 34

What is chlamydia

Answer 34

Caused by sexual contact, may result in infertility

Question 35

What are the four types of pathogen?

Answer 35

Bacteria (single cell no nucleus), Protists (single cell, nucleus), Fungi, Virus (not a cell)

Question 36

What is Chlara Die Ashback

Answer 36

A fungal disease spread through the air, plants

Question 37

What is malaria

Answer 37

A protist disease spread by vectors (mosquitos)

Question 38

What is HIV

Answer 38

virus spread by bodily fluids

Question 39

What is a virus made of

Answer 39

Genetic material like DNA, and capsid, no ribosomes or anything like that

Question 40

What is the Lytic pathway

Answer 40

Virus inserts genetic material into cell, new cell begins reproducing, new cell lyses (explodes)

Question 41

What is the Lysogenic pathway

Answer 41

Virus genetic material becomes part of new cell DNA, gets replicated as cells divided

Question 42

Describe how cancer develops in the liver

Answer 42

Mutations in DNA cause cell division to be uncontrolled leading to the formation of a tumour

Question 43

Explain why people with AIDS are more susceptible to TB

Answer 43

HIV destroys white blood cells which weakens the immune system which allows for the pathogen to more easily enter the body

Question 44

How does a vaccination work

Answer 44

Dead form of the pathogen enters the body which results in white blood cells producing antibodies which are complementary to the antigens on the pathogen, then, white blood cells will engulf the pathogen, and will make the person immune due to the memory lymphocytes left in the blood stream

Question 45

How are monoclonal antibodies formed

Answer 45

An antigen is injected into a mouse The mouse naturally produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen Spleen cells which produce the lymphocytes are removed during a small operation The spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells called myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells which divide indefinitely These hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen

Question 46

How do pregnancy tests work

Answer 46

Monoclonal antibodies bind to HCG MA are on the test stick which is put in urine, if HCG is present, the MA will bind causing a colour change

Question 47

Describe the stages of antibiotic development that would occur after the discovery of a new antibiotic

Answer 47

the antibiotic would go through a development phase (1) * pre-clinical (stage / trials) (1) * testing on animals / testing invitro / on cells (1) * clinical (stage / trials) (1) * testing on (healthy) volunteers / testing on patients (1) * double-blind trials (1)