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GSCE-Biology > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is Disease

A

a problem with a structure or process in the body that is not caused by an injury

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2
Q

what is health

A

a state of complete/uncomplete physical, social and mental wellbeing

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3
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A microorganism that can cause diseases

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4
Q

What is Deficiency in diet

A

Lack of a certain nutrient, mineral, or vitamin

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5
Q

What is malnutrition

A

Getting the wrong quality/quantity of nutrients

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6
Q

What is obesity

A

Condition where large amounts of fat are under the skin and around internal organs

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7
Q

What is Cardio Vascular disease

A

It is where fat is deposited around the heart and in arteries

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8
Q

What are the two ways of testing for obesity

A

Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist to Hip Ratio

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9
Q

What is a stroke

A

A condition caused by reduced or blocked blood flow to a certain area of the brain

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10
Q

What is a stent

A

A stent is a mesh tube that is surgically put into arteries to keep them open

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11
Q

What is a epidemic

A

When many people over a large area are infected with the same pathogen at the same time

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12
Q

What is the immune system

A

It is a complex system that defends the body against pathogens that breach the defence barrieres.

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13
Q

What is an Antigen

A

A specific molecule on the outside of every pathogen, it is used by the immune system to identify it.

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14
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Substances that kill or stop the cell processes of pathogens

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15
Q

What does resistant mean

A

Something isn’t effected

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16
Q

What are the two types of Antibiotics

A

Bactericide (Kills) and Bacteriostatic (Stops)

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17
Q

What is Antibiotic resistance

A

It is where bacteria has immunity to an antibiotic, they are not effected by it

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18
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

It is a substance that kill or stop their cell process

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19
Q

What are the stages of drug development

A

Screening for potential drugs
Preclinical trials
Clinical trials
Approved by medical agency

20
Q

What are placebos

A

A substance that appears like the real drug but does not have any effect

21
Q

What is a blind trial

A

were the perticipants don’t know which one is the placebo and which one is the real drug

22
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies are clones from one parent cell which are specific to one antigen

23
Q

What are myeloma cells

A

Type of tumour

24
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Detection of pathogens, pregnancy tests, cancer treatment…

25
Q

What do pregnancy tests test for

A

hCG in urine

26
Q

What is cholera

A

Disease spread by water, symptons being diarrhoea and vomitting

27
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

Air born bacteria which causes lung damage, coughing and wheezing

28
Q

What is chalara ash dieback

A

Airoborn disease which effects ash trees, caused by fungus, causes tree to die

29
Q

What is Malaria

A

Spread by mosquito vectors, with flu like syptoms

30
Q

What is Ebola

A

caused by Ebola virus, spread by contact with body fluids, blood semen, sweat… symptoms- fever diarrhoea

31
Q

How do viruses cause disease

A

They enter host cells replicate inside of them, then they rupture exposing new cells

32
Q

How do viruses differ from other microorganisms

A

They are not living organisms

33
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

Lytic pathway
Lysogenic pathway

34
Q

What is chlamydia

A

Caused by sexual contact, may result in infertility

35
Q

What are the four types of pathogen?

A

Bacteria (single cell no nucleus), Protists (single cell, nucleus), Fungi, Virus (not a cell)

36
Q

What is Chlara Die Ashback

A

A fungal disease spread through the air, plants

37
Q

What is malaria

A

A protist disease spread by vectors (mosquitos)

38
Q

What is HIV

A

virus spread by bodily fluids

39
Q

What is a virus made of

A

Genetic material like DNA, and capsid, no ribosomes or anything like that

40
Q

What is the Lytic pathway

A

Virus inserts genetic material into cell, new cell begins reproducing, new cell lyses (explodes)

41
Q

What is the Lysogenic pathway

A

Virus genetic material becomes part of new cell DNA, gets replicated as cells divided

42
Q

Describe how cancer develops in the liver

A

Mutations in DNA cause cell division to be uncontrolled leading to the formation of a tumour

43
Q

Explain why people with AIDS are more susceptible to TB

A

HIV destroys white blood cells which weakens the immune system which allows for the pathogen to more easily enter the body

44
Q

How does a vaccination work

A

Dead form of the pathogen enters the body which results in white blood cells producing antibodies which are complementary to the antigens on the pathogen, then, white blood cells will engulf the pathogen, and will make the person immune due to the memory lymphocytes left in the blood stream

45
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies formed

A

An antigen is injected into a mouse
The mouse naturally produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen
Spleen cells which produce the lymphocytes are removed during a small operation
The spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells called
myeloma cells
to form
hybridoma cells
which divide indefinitely
These hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen

46
Q

How do pregnancy tests work

A

Monoclonal antibodies bind to HCG
MA are on the test stick which is put in urine, if HCG is present, the MA will bind causing a colour change

47
Q

Describe the stages of antibiotic development that would occur after the
discovery of a new antibiotic

A

the antibiotic would go through
a development phase (1)
* pre-clinical (stage / trials) (1)
* testing on animals / testing invitro / on cells (1)
* clinical (stage / trials) (1)
* testing on (healthy) volunteers /
testing on patients (1)
* double-blind trials (1)

GSCE-Biology (26 decks)

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